#NEXUS [!This data set was downloaded from TreeBASE, a relational database of phylogenetic knowledge. TreeBASE has been supported by the NSF, Harvard University, Yale University, SDSC and UC Davis. Please do not remove this acknowledgment from the Nexus file. Generated on July 01, 2025; 5:45 GMT TreeBASE (cc) 1994-2008 Study reference: Gernandt D., Magallón S., Lopez G., Flores O., Willyard A., & Liston A. 2008. Use of simultaneous analyses to guide fossil-based calibrations of Pinaceae phylogeny. International Journal of Plant Sciences, null. TreeBASE Study URI: http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S1988] BEGIN TAXA; TITLE morphology; DIMENSIONS NTAX=26; TAXLABELS Abies Amentotaxus Araucaria Cathaya Cedrus Cryptomeria Ginkgo Keteleeria Larix Nothotsuga Picea Pinus_belgica Pinus_cembroides Pinus_ponderosa Pinus_strobus Pinus_sylvestris Pityostrobus_bernissartensis Pityostrobus_californiensis Pityostrobus_corneti Podocarpus Pseudoaraucaria_heeri Pseudolarix Pseudolarix_erensis Pseudotsuga Sciadopitys Tsuga ; END; BEGIN CHARACTERS; [! TreeBASE Matrix URI: http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/matrix/TB2:M3056] TITLE Figure_1A; LINK TAXA = morphology; DIMENSIONS NCHAR=105; FORMAT DATATYPE=Standard SYMBOLS= "0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7" MISSING=? GAP= -; CHARSTATELABELS 1 shoot_dimorphism / absent present, 2 primary_leading_shoot / erect_or_spreading pendulous, 3 sieve_element_plastids / starch_accumulating protein_accumulating, 4 stem_phloem_fibers / present absent, 5 phloem_fiber_sclerids / absent present, 6 phloem_mucilage / absent present, 7 secondary_phloem_horizontal_resin_canals / absent present, 8 phloem_resin_cavities / absent present, 9 xylem_parenchyma / absent present, 10 thickenings_on_transverse_tracheid_walls / absent spiral plates, 11 spiral_thickenings_on_axial_tracheid_walls / absent present, 12 epithelium_of_vertical_resin_canals / thick thin, 13 vertical_secondary_wood_resin_canals / absent present, 14 horizontal_resin_ducts_in_rays / absent present, 15 cortical_resin_ducts / cavities_only present absent, 16 indentations_horizont_walls_ray_parenchyma / absent present, 17 ray_tracheids / absent present 'weakly-developed', 18 crossfield_pits / cupressoid_or_taxodioid piceoid pinoid fenestriform, 19 root_resin_canals / absent_or_one two, 20 brachioblasts / absent long_with_close_annual_rings long_with_distinct_annual_rings short, 21 leaf_shape / falcate_profile_tetragonal_cross_section linear_lanceolate_bifacially_flattened scalelike bilaterally_flattened needlelike fused 'fan-shaped', 22 leaf_arrangement / spread_out_on_branch 'in fascicles, spirally arranged on short shoots' helically_arranged_on_short_shoots, 23 leaf_attachment / decurrent stalklike_constrictions shield_shaped, 24 leaf_bases / decurrent fused, 25 leaf_midrib / raised sunken_or_absent, 26 leaf_petiole / absent present, 27 leaf_thickness / thick thin, 28 leaf_persistence / persistent deciduous, 29 apical_meristems / without_modified_leaves 'shorter leaves, interrupting growth' scale_leaves 'winter buds, tips free' 'winter buds, scales overlapping', 30 primary_stomatal_bands / abaxial adaxial_or_amphi, 31 leaf_endoderm_Casparian_strips / absent present, 32 mesophyll_parenchyma / smooth plicate, 33 tracheids_of_leaf_tranfusion_tissue / lateral_to_vascular_bundle all_around_vascular_bundle, 34 vascular_bundles_in_the_stele_of_the_leaf_2 / one two more_than_two, 35 resin_canal_position / absent central marginal, 36 biflavonoids / present absent, 37 tropolones / absent present, 38 chemical_immunology / pinoid abietoid, 39 male_strobili_arrangement / single clusters_from_a_single_bud grouped_in_racemes, 40 microsporangial_dehiscence / longitudinal oblique transverse, 41 pollen_tetrad_formation / simultaneous successive, 42 pollen_with / shallow_functional_germination_furrow harmomegathus functionless_germ_furrow pore, 43 pollen_exine / tegillate rough_corrugate granular roughened, 44 pollen_triradiate_streaks / absent present, 45 pollen_saccae_or_frills / present absent, 46 sperm_nuclei_cell_walls / present absent, 47 pollination_drop / present absent microdrops, 48 micropyle / symmetric asymmetric, 49 ventral_canal_cell / distinct_cell_wall no_wall_but_nuclei, 50 megaspore_membrane / uniform_thickness thin_at_micropylar_end, 51 proembryo_wall_formation / secondary_type primary_type, 52 proembryo_tiers / three four, 53 polyembryony / simple cleavage, 54 orientation_of_mature_cones / pendant erect, 55 cones_on_leaved_peducles / absent present, 56 scale_apex / thinning_distally thickening_distally_or_umbo, 57 umbo / dorsal terminal, 58 seed_scale_absission / absent present semi, 59 disintegration_of_cone_rachis / absent present, 60 bract / not_keeled keeled, 61 bract_length / shorter well_developed, 62 bract_apex / acute_or_rounded trifurcate, 63 cone_scale_shape / ovate_obovate_orbicular deltoid_triangular flabellate rhombic subcordate tongue_shaped, 64 'seed scales with narrowed, pedicellate base' / absent present, 65 sclerenchyma_in_pith / absent present, 66 resin_canals_in_pith / absent present, 67 secondary_xylem_cone_axis / continuous_cylinder separate_strands, 68 resin_canals_in_secondary_xylem / absent present, 69 female_cone_maturation / one_year two_to_three, 70 sclerenchyma_in_inner_cortex / absent present, 71 sclerenchyma_in_outer_cortex / absent present, 72 cortical_resin_canals / uniform_in_diameter dilated, 73 trichomes / absent present, 74 'vascular trace to each bract-scale' / separate fused, 75 scale_trace / clearly_derived_from_two_lateral_strands derived_as_single_abaxially_concave_strand, 76 scale_trace / abaxially_concave becoming_cylindrical_after_divergence, 77 resin_canal_to_scale / single_branch two three four, 78 bract_scale_separation / first_laterally first_medially, 79 bract_base_abaxial_lobe / absent present, 80 bract_sclerenchyma / absent present, 81 bract_resin_canals / absent two greater_than_two, 82 bract_trace / entering_bract terminating_before, 83 resin_canals_to_scale_base / abaxial adaxial both absent, 84 resin_canals_to_scale_seed_level / abaxial adaxial both both_and_between absent, 85 resin_canals_to_scale_distal / abaxial adaxial both between_vascular_bundles absent both_and_between abaxial_and_between adaxial_and_between, 86 sclerenchyma_in_scale / both abaxial adaxial absent both_and_between abaxial_and_between adaxial_and_between, 87 scale_right_angle_to_cone_axis_and_sharply_upturned_distally / absent present, 88 axillary_complex / free_from_bract partially_fused fused, 89 sterile_appendages_per_dwarf_shoot / more_than_10 less_than_6, 90 bract_scale_complexes_per_cone / many few one, 91 mechanical_tissue_of_scale_base / modified well_developed, 92 mechanical_tissue_at_scale_base / highly_gelatinous fibrous, 93 ovule_position / lateral terminal, 94 ovules_per_scale / more_than_two one two, 95 interseminal_ridge / absent extending_less_than_half_seed_diameter extending_more_than_half overarching_seeds, 96 seed_body / 'ovoid-obovate' triangular_cuneate_oblong 'oval-ovoid' 'round-obovate', 97 seed_trace / absent present, 98 seed_wing_origin / from_lateral_extension_of_integument absent from_scale_epidermis from_bract_and_scale, 99 seed_wing_attachment / absent claws shallow_cup_separable shallow_cup deep_cup, 100 seed_wing_overall_shape / 'widening distally, blunt or rounded apex' 'elongate, not widening distally, rounded' 'semi-trullate sharp', 101 seed_coat_with_resin_vesicles / absent present, 102 seed_storage_product / starch oils, 103 seed_maturation / 2_years 1_year, 104 seed_germination_hypogeal / absent present, 105 number_of_cotyledons / two_to_six four_to_twenty, ; MATRIX [ 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 ] [ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ] Abies 00110101100?00110000102111004000112101020001011011110100?1011121101{01}011{01}{01}{01}1011{01}11011501000110201124011101 Amentotaxus 000000??110?00?1000010000100400000?00?101220100?00000?0?????????????????????????????????01??11?0?1??000?0 Araucaria 000?0000100?0020000010001000110002100?{01}001301010000001?0?1001020????1???????????0?3???1210??01?0?3??0?010 Cathaya 1011001011101110111010211100401110210?0000?0011011111010?0000000000000101?10??10112?500000??0210?23101100 Cedrus 1{01}110010100?00011002011011104{01}10112111000000012011111100?100002100101{01}10{01}0103001012?5410000002{01}1124011101 Cryptomeria 00000000100?0021000000000?00110000100?2003201000000010?0?00020?01000011000??00002034440100??0001?1??01100 Ginkgo 1??00000100?00200001610??111000001000??00000100000000??????????????????????????????????????????0?1??000?0 Keteleeria 00110101100010110000102101004000102101120000011011111110?011114100000011{01}01110111122201000110211124011110 Larix 10111011101011011113111011114010102100001120111111110110?0001100100{01}0{01}10101011{01}0{12}{01}115000001102{12}0023101100 Nothotsuga 11??00011000101110?0101011004000101???12???00????????110?0111021????0???1??????11?1?5?0000?10210?2411?1?? Picea 001100110{01}1011111110?0100000411?102110000000010011110000?0010030{01}0{01}{01}0{01}10{01}0101010{12}023{57}400001102{12}0022101101 Pinus_belgica ?????????2????1????????????????????????????????????????10000005010011{01}100110100{01}11005400001102100211????? Pinus_cembroides 10110011000111101110420?1000411110210020000001001111100100000050{01}0011{01}0{01}0110100{01}102{03}540000110210021101001 Pinus_ponderosa 1?110011020111101210420?1000411111210020000001001111100100000050{01}0011{01}{01}{01}0110100{01}100{03}540000110210021101001 Pinus_strobus 1?110011000111101310420?1000411110210020000001001111100110000050{01}0011{01}0{01}0110100{01}100{03}540000110210021101001 Pinus_sylvestris 1?110011020111101{23}10420?1000411111210020000001001111100100000050{01}0011{01}1{01}0110100{01}100{03}540000110210021101001 Pityostrobus_bernissartensis ??????????????1???????????????????????????0?0??????????0?0??0050110000000010100?0100210000110200?2110???? Pityostrobus_californiensis ??????????????1????????????????????????????????????????0?0??002111010111001010001023500000??0221?2??0???? Pityostrobus_corneti ??????????????1????????????????????????????????????????0?0??0021100001100011?0011123510000??0201?2401???? Podocarpus 00000000100?0020000010000100400000100?120000000000001?0????0?0?0????0???????????0?3???0011??11?0?1??00??0 Pseudoaraucaria_heeri ??????????????1????????????????????????????????????????1100000010010001000001001101120100000023112401???? Pseudolarix 10110101100?00010001111001114000102101120000011011110111?0100011101001101010?0011023510000010200124211100 Pseudolarix_erensis 1??????????????????1111?011????????????????????????????1?0??0011???????????????????????000??02?0?242????? Pseudotsuga 00111011111011111110102111004010102100010121111111110010?000110010010{01}10{01}010100{01}1011500000110210023101101 Sciadopitys 100000??000?00?0000050001000210000?00?1012201000000010?0?1?0002000100000100010002011720100??0000?1??010?0 Tsuga 01110000100?00111000101011004000101101020010011011111000?001000110000{01}{01}0101031{01}11011500000110210124111100 ; END;