#NEXUS BEGIN TAXA; TITLE Taxa; DIMENSIONS NTAX=128; TAXLABELS Acanthicus_hystrix Ancistrus_pirareta Ancistrus_sp. Astroblepus_spp._4 Baryancistrus_niveatus Chaetostoma_anomala Chaetostoma_pearsei Chaetostoma_platyrhynchus Chaetostoma_sovichthys Chaetostoma_stannii Cordylancistrus_torbesensis Corydoras_spp._4 Corymbophanes_andersoni Corymbophanes_kaiei Crossoloricaria_Species Crossoloricaria_venezuelae Dekeyseria_pulcher Dekeyseria_scaphirhyncha Delturus_anguillicaudatus Dianema_longibarbis Dolichancistrus_cobrensis Dolichancistrus_pediculatus Exastilithoxus_fimbriatus Exastilithoxus_sp. Glyptoperichthys_gibbiceps Glyptoperichthys_lituratus Glyptoperichthys_punctatus Harttia_sp. Hemiancistrus_holostictus Hemiancistrus_landoni Hemiancistrus_maracaiboensis Hemiancistrus_megacephalus Hemiancistrus_panamensis Hemiancistrus_sp. Hemiancistrus_sp._Brazil Hemipsilichthys Hemipsilichthys_bahianus Hemipsilichthys_cameroni Hemipsilichthys_nudulus Hemipsilichthys_sp. Hemipsilichthys_splendens Hisonotus_sp. Hoplosternum_littorale Hypancistrus_inspector Hypancistrus_zebra Hypoptopoma Hypostomus_albopunctatus Hypostomus_ammophilus Hypostomus_bolivianus Hypostomus_boulengeri Hypostomus_cochliodon Hypostomus_commersoni Hypostomus_cordovae Hypostomus_emarginatus_1 Hypostomus_emarginatus_2 Hypostomus_francisci Hypostomus_hemicochliodon Hypostomus_hondae Hypostomus_micromaculatus Hypostomus_plecostomoides Hypostomus_plecostomus Hypostomus_plecostomus_2 Hypostomus_punctatus Hypostomus_robinii Hypostomus_sp._Round_Snout_1 Hypostomus_sp._Round_Snout_2 Hypostomus_spinosissima Hypostomus_squalinus Hypostomus_unicolor Isbrueckerichthys_alipionis Isbrueckerichthys_duseni Ixinandria_montelbelloi Kronichthys_sp._1 Kronichthys_sp._2 Lamontichthys_llanero Lasiancistrus_maracaiboensis Lasiancistrus_sp. Leporacanthicus_galaxias Leptoancistrus_canensis Liposarcus_multiradiatus Liposarcus_pardalis Lithogenes_villosus Lithoxancistrus_orinoco Lithoxus_bovallii Lithoxus_lithoides Loricaria_cataphracta Loricariichthys_brunneus Megalancistrus_gigas Microlepidogaster_Species Nannoptopoma_spectabile Neblinichthys_pilosus Neblinichthys_roraima Neoplecostomus_microps Neoplecostomus_paranensis Otocinclus_vestitus Otocinclus_vittatus Panaque_albomaculatus Panaque_maccus Panaque_nigrolineatus Panaque_pariolispos Parancistrus_aurantiacus Pareiorhina_ Pareiorhina_rudolphi Parotocinclus_britskii Peckoltia_oligospila Peckoltia_sp._1 Peckoltia_sp._2 Peckoltia_sp._Big_Spot Peckoltia_ucayalensis Pogonopoma_parahybae Pogonopoma_wertheimeri Pseudacanthicus_leopardus Pseudancistrus_barbatus Pseudancistrus_brevispinis Pseudancistrus_sp. Pseudancistrus_sp._Gold_Spot Pseudolithoxus_anthrax Pseudorinelepis_genibarbis Pterygoplichthys_etentaculatus Pterygoplichthys_zuliaensis Rhinelepis_aspera Rineloricaria_rupestris Schizolecis_guentheri Spectracanthicus_murinus Spectracanthicus_punctatissimus Sturisoma_festivum Sturisomatichthys_citurensis Upsilodus_victori ; END; BEGIN CHARACTERS; TITLE Loricariidae; DIMENSIONS NCHAR=215; FORMAT DATATYPE = STANDARD GAP = - MISSING = ? SYMBOLS = " 0 1 2 3 4"; CHARSTATELABELS 1 Anterohyal_shape / greatest_width_less_than_half_of_length greatest_width_greater_than_half_of_length, 2 Anterohyal_shape / anterior_edge_flat_or_with_a_single_hump anterior_edge_sinusoidal, 3 Basibranchial_2 / ossified cartilaginous absent, 4 'Basibranchial 3, shape' / elongate 'short and wide, almost square', 5 Number_of_branchiostegals / four three, 6 Mesial_facing_process_on_branchiostegal_3 / absent present, 7 'Length of accessory process of ceratobranchial 1 (ordered)' / absent less_than_length_of_main_body_of_ceratobranchial same_length_as_ceratobranchial, 8 'Width of accessory process of ceratobranchial 1 (ordered)' / absent thin wide, 9 Width_of_ceratobranchial_3 / approximately_same_width_as_other_ceratobranchials at_least_twice_the_width_of_the_other_ceratobranchials, 10 Shape_of_ceratobranchial_5 / 'thin, uniform width' wide, 11 Posteromedial_invagination_of_ceratobranchial_5 / absent present, 12 Connections_of_ceratobranchial_5 / absent present, 13 Posterolateral_process_on_ceratobranchial_5 / absent present, 14 Accessory_process_on_first_epibranchial / absent thin broad, 15 Mesial_surface_of_epibranchial_1 / rounded forms_a_blade, 16 'Anterior-facing process on epibranchial 4 located basally to the gill rakers' / absent_or_short very_long, 17 Posterior_shelf_of_epibranchial_4 / absent present, 18 Gill_rakers_on_epibranchial_4 / absent present, 19 Anteromesial_projections_on_hypohyal / absent present, 20 Width_of_hypohyal / 'wide; greatest width approximately equal to or greater than length' 'narrow, greatest width less than length', 21 'Hypohyal, spindle-shaped' / no yes, 22 Hypobranchial_1 / 'rectangular to square, sometimes thinner at one end' 'fan-shaped, lateral end much wider than the mesial end', 23 Hypobranchial_1 / short_and_stout elongated, 24 Hypobranchial_2 / short_and_stout elongated, 25 Infrapharyngobranchial_4 / no_process with_lateral_process, 26 Interhyal / on_or_behind_hyomandibula contacts_the_cartilaginous_section_between_the_hyomandibula_and_the_quadrate contacts_bony_part_of_quadrate, 27 Interhyal / large medium very_small_or_absent, 28 Interhyal / ventral dorsal, 29 Upper_pharyngeal_jaw / without_invagination_in_shelf with_invagination_in_shelf, 30 Upper_pharyngeal_tooth_plate / 'round, teeth uniformly distributed' 'with a mesial shelf and a raised bulbous area, teeth restricted to bulbous area and posterior edge of shelf', 31 'Upper pharyngeal tooth plate, shelf lateral to the bulbous section' / absent present, 32 Lateral_edge_of_posterohyal / 'pointed, forming pouch with a lateral wall (Fig. 8A–C, E)' 'Lateral wall of pouch absent or reduced so that the posterohyal forms a half cylinder (Fig. 8D)', 33 Contact_of_mesial_surface_of_hyomandibula_with_quadrate_posteroventrally / none project_toward_one_another_or_sutured, 34 'Hyomandibula sutured to pterotic-supracleithrum posterior to cartilaginous condyle of hyomandibula' / absent present, 35 Hyomandibula_contacts_prootic / yes 'no, pterotic-supracleithrum only', 36 Anterior_margin_of_hyomandibula_sutured_to_posterior_metapterygoid_along_entire_length / 'yes, no notch between the two' 'no, slight to large notch between the two', 37 Opercular_condyle_of_hyomandibula_on_a_process_extended_beyond_posterior_margin / absent present, 38 Length_of_opercular_condyle_of_hyomandibula / short long, 39 'Thin, posterior process on hyomandibula just dorsal to opercle' / absent present, 40 Posterior_part_of_hyomandibula_beyond_opercle / not_well_developed developed_into_a_shelf, 41 Posterior_process_of_hyomandibula_incorporated_within_hyomandibula / either_absent_or_not_incorporated present, 42 Posterior_region_of_hyomandibula_greatly_deflected / absent present, 43 Ridge_on_mesial_side_of_hyomandibula_located_anterodorsally / present absent, 44 'Levator arcus palatini crest (ordered)' / absent short tall, 45 Levator_arcus_palatini_crest_of_hyomandibula / 'without strong dorsal upswing, straight' with_strong_dorsal_upswing, 46 Hyomandibula_deflected_beyond_posterior_margin / not_deflected deflected, 47 'Process on preoperculo-hyomandibular ridge' / absent present, 48 'Preoperculo-hyomandibular ridge continuous' / yes 'no, ridge branches', 49 'Ridge on hyomandibula (contiguous with ridge on quadrate)' / absent present, 50 Zipperlike_connection_of_metapterygoid_to_lateral_ethmoid / absent present, 51 Anterior_connection_between_metapterygoid_and_lateral_ethmoid / absent present, 52 Metapterygoid_channel / absent dorsal_surface_of_metapterygoid_split_and_forming_slight_furrow 'dorsal surface of metapterygoid split to the anterior process of the metapterygoid and forming a channel (ordered)', 53 Lateral_wall_of_metapterygoid_channel / absent long_and_rounded_along_entire_length triangular 'broad ridge, perpendicular to metapterygoid' just_a_slight_ridge, 54 Walls_of_metapterygoid_channel / 'lateral wall slightly smaller to just slightly larger than mesial wall, or absent' lateral_wall_taller, 55 Walls_of_metapterygoid_channel / 'lateral wall slightly smaller to just slightly larger than mesial wall, or absent' mesial_wall_much_taller, 56 Section_of_metapterygoid_dorsal_to_the_anterior_process / short very_tall, 57 Articulating_surface_between_metapterygoid_and_lateral_ethmoid / absent 'present, not directlyconnected to wall of metapterygoid' 'present, directly connected via a straight ridge', 58 Anterior_process_on_metapterygoid / pointed_or_absent 'spoon-shaped, straight' 'spoon-shaped, angled ventrally' 'curved, wider anteriorly than posteriorly (Corydoras only)', 59 Ventromesial_process_of_palatine / short long, 60 Palatine / elongate 'with mesial flap, very wide', 61 Orientation_of_preopercle / horizontal almost_vertical, 62 'Exit of preopercular latero-sensory canal' / posterior_to_posteroventral_edge_of_quadrate anterior_to_posteroventral_edge_of_quadrate 'latero-sensory canal does not enter preopercle', 63 'Preopercular latero-sensory canal extended posteriorly' / no yes, 64 Quadrate / thin wide very_wide, 65 Ventral_process_on_quadrate_for_articulation_with_canal_plate / absent present, 66 Quadrate_with_flap_extending_below_symplectic_foramen / absent present, 67 Articulating_condyle_of_quadrate / 'thin, pointed' 'wide, blunt', 68 Longitudinal_ridge_running_the_length_of_the_quadrate_laterally / absent present, 69 Angle_of_dentaries / oblique acute_or_right_angle, 70 Angle_of_maxilla / angled_dorsally_to_slightly_angled_ventrally 'well angled ventrally, almost forming right angle', 71 Shape_of_maxilla / 'long, narrow, uniformly wide' resembling_a_bowling_pin, 72 Premaxilla_with_cartilaginous_connection_to_mesethmoid / no yes, 73 Interopercular_sesamoid / absent present, 74 'Interoperculo-mandibular ligament' / present absent, 75 'Shape of ancistrine opercle (ordered)' / oval_or_triangular 'sickle-shaped (Peckoltia-type)' 'barshaped (Ancistrus-type)', 76 Double_attachment_of_opercle / absent present, 77 'Maximum forward position of opercle (ordered)' / below_hyomandibula to_posteroventral_corner_of_quadrate to_posterodorsal_corner_of_quadrate, 78 'Hatchet-shaped opercle' / absent present, 79 Opercle / supports_odontodes does_not_support_odontodes, 80 Suprapreopercle / absent present, 81 'Number of rows of plates between suprapreopercle and exposed portion of opercle (ordered)' / none one two_to_three, 82 Canal_plate / absent present, 83 'Canal plate, number and size' / one_large one_small two_small, 84 Canal_plate / 'exposed, supporting odontodes' 'covered in skin or plates, not supporting odontodes', 85 Contact_of_canal_plate_with_suspensorium / '(0) absent' present, 86 Canal_in_canal_plate / unbranched branched, 87 'Preopercular latero-sensory canal leaves preopercle at first exit and enters a plate' / no yes, 88 'Number of cheek plates between the canal plate and opercle (ordered)' / none one two_to_four five_or_more, 89 IO6 / forms_only_the_posteroventral_corner_of_the_orbit forms_entire_ventral_border_of_orbit, 90 IO4 / absent contacts_orbit_through_much_of_its_posterior_edge contact_with_orbit_slight_or_absent, 91 'Number of infraorbitals (ordered)' / two five_to_six seven_to_ten, 92 Lateral_line / does_not_continue_beyond_hypural_plate continues_into_the_elongated_plate_covering_base_of_the_caudal_rays, 93 Ridge_formed_by_Baudelot’s_ligament / does_not_form_more_than_a_slightly_rounded_ridge forms_a_shelf, 94 Contact_between_frontal_and_orbit / present absent, 95 Shape_of_lateral_ethmoid / square_to_triangular triangular_with_ventrolateral_corner_greatly_expanded, 96 Nasal_capsule / completely_encased_ventrally_by_the_lateral_ethmoid open_ventrally anterior_to_the_lateral_ethmoid, 97 Ridge_on_lateral_ethmoid / absent rounded_or_moderately_tall tall, 98 Pouch_on_ventral_surface_of_lateral_ethmoid / absent present, 99 Posterior_contact_with_metapterygoid / contacting_posterior_margin_of_lateral_ethmoid separated_from_posterior_margin_of_lateral_ethmoid, 100 'Mesethmoid disk (ordered)' / absent reduced developed, 101 'Mesethmoid disk, relative placement' / anterior_to_main_body_of_mesethmoid extends_beyond_anterior_margin_of_main_body, 102 Mesethmoid_flares_anteriorly / no yes, 103 Mesethmoid_anterior_edge_serrate / absent present, 104 'Mesethmoid continued as a long blade anterior to disk (or well beyond the jaws in species without a disk)' / no yes, 105 Size_of_nasal / very_thin elongate_but_wide 'very large, almost square', 106 Parasphenoid_on_orbitosphenoid / 'narrow, tall' 'wide, slightly raised to flat', 107 'Pterotic-supracleithrum expanded anteroposteriorly' / no yes, 108 'Shape of pterotic-supracleithrum' / 'square to oval, widest medially' 'trapezoidal, widest at ventral margin', 109 'Perforations in pterotic-supracleithrum' / 'many, small' very_large complex 'only a few, large perforations', 110 'Anterior process of pterotic-supracleithrum' / absent present, 111 'Anterior process of pterotic-supracleithrum separated mesially from main body, connected by a strut (ordered)' / process_absent_to_just_slightly_deflected process_deflected_with_small_gap gap_large, 112 Forward_extent_of_anterior_process / process_absent_or_less_than_halfway_through_orbit halfway_through_the_orbit_or_greater, 113 Bifurcation_of_anterior_process_of_pteroticsupracleithrum / process_absent_or_pointed present, 114 'Strut of the pterotic-supracleithrum directed ventrally so that it is visible from below' / absent present, 115 'Dorsomesial process on pterotic-supracleithrum' / absent present, 116 Sphenotic / with_or_without_a_thin_ventral_process 'ventral process wide, at least half as wide as main body of sphenotic', 117 'Sphenotic, external contact with posteriormost infraorbital' / present absent, 118 Supraoccipital_crest / absent_or_broad_and_rounded tall_and_narrow, 119 Anteriorly_directed_transverse_processes_on_eighth_vertebra / absent_or_short_and_broad 'long and pointed, passing between capitulum and tuberculum of rib of sixth vertebral centrum', 120 Number_of_vertebrae_from_first_normal_neural_spine_behind_dorsal_fin_to_spine_under_preadipose_plate / three_to_eight nine_and_above, 121 'Number of vertebrae from first normal neural spine behind dorsal fin up to, but not including, hypural plate (ordered)' / 16–20 12–15 8–11, 122 Bifid_haemal_spines / absent present, 123 Hypurals / two_halves_same_length lower_half_longer_than_upper, 124 Posterior_margin_of_the_hypural_plate / 'straight, or straight but offset' a_posteriorly_directed_point, 125 'First neural spine, positioning' / 'below first dorsal-fin pterygiophore' 'in front of first dorsal-fin pterygiophore', 126 Perforations_in_bifid_neural_spines / absent present, 127 Trifid_neural_spines_posterior_to_dorsal_fin / absent present, 128 Distal_margin_of_the_rib_of_the_sixth_vertebral_centrum / about_same_width_as_rest_of_rib flared_out_distally_so_that_the_tip_is_much_wider_than_the_shaft, 129 Ribs_beyond_enlarged_rib_of_the_sixth_vertebral_centrum / thin absent thick, 130 Weberian_complex_centrum / 'relatively short, square' 'elongated, rectangular', 131 Distal_margin_of_transverse_process_of_Weberian_complex_centrum / 'thin, about the same width distally as proximally or narrowing distally' 'widened, flared distally', 132 Distal_margin_of_transverse_process_of_Weberian_complex_centrum / wide_or_rounded pointed, 133 Tip_of_transverse_process_of_Weberian_complex_centrum / clearly_distinguishable_from_pteroticsupracleithrum 'anterior edge nearly indistinguishable from pterotic-supracleithrum', 134 Transverse_process_of_Weberian_complex_centrum / not_or_only_moderately_perforated_distally perforated_distally_with_large_foramina, 135 Tip_of_transverse_processes_of_Weberian_complex_centrum / at_least_partially_contacting_the_pteroticsupracleithrum not_contacting_the_pteroticsupracleithrum, 136 'Lateral processes of tripus (LPT)' / absent_or_short long, 137 Adipose_fin / present absent, 138 Preadipose_plates / three_or_more 0–2, 139 Connecting_bone / absent a_tendon ossified, 140 'Connecting bone/tendon' / flat cylindrical, 141 'Connecting bone, contact with nuchal plate' / none 'connects with the transverse process of the second dorsal-fin pterygiophore and/or the nuchal plate', 142 'Number of dorsal-fin rays' / six_or_seven eight_or_more, 143 'Dorsal-fin membrane continues posteriorly' / for_a_short_distance contacts_the_preadipose_plate, 144 'Chain-link of proximal dorsal spine to second dorsal-fin pterygiophore' / absent present, 145 'Number of dorsal-fin radial elements with transverse processes (ordered)' / five_to_six one_to_four none, 146 Nuchal_plate / present 'absent. In callichthyids and most loricariids, the nuchal plate is present and acts in the functioning of the dorsal-fin spine locking mechanism (state 0). In Astroblepus, Lithogenes and Hemipsilichthys nudulus,', 147 Nuchal_plate / exposed covered_entirely_by_skin_or_plates, 148 Spinelet / 'V-shaped' reduced_and_rectangular_or_absent, 149 Spinelet / 'exposed, covered with odontodes' covered_with_skin, 150 'Number of branched anal-fin rays (ordered)' / six five four three zero, 151 'First anal-fin pterygiophore with a lateral ridge posterior to the widened anterior surface' / absent present, 152 Adductor_fossa / incomplete complete, 153 Adductor_fossa / deep_to_midline nearly_flat_anteromesially, 154 'Adductor fossa, exposure (ordered)' / exposed only_partially_exposed completely_covered_in_bone, 155 Shape_of_cleithrum / rectangular trapezoidal, 156 Shape_of_posterior_margin_of_the_exposed_cleithrum / mostly_straight_and_tall tapers_posteriorly_to_a_point, 157 Shape_of_exposed_cleithral_process / large reduced, 158 Posterior_process_of_coracoid / distal_end_much_wider_than_shaft distal_end_about_as_wide_as_shaft 'elongated, thin, pointed', 159 Posterior_process_of_coracoid / short very_elongate, 160 Posterior_section_of_coracoid / 'angled upwards mesially, tall' 'straight, short', 161 Lateral_strut_of_coracoid / thin wide, 162 Lateral_strut_of_coracoid / 'at least partially exposed, bearing odontodes' 'covered in skin or plates, does not bear odontodes', 163 Passage_of_arrector_ventralis_through_a_channel / present absent, 164 Space_between_posterior_process_of_coracoid_strut_and_posterior_process_of_coracoid / large absent_to_small, 165 Suture_of_pectoral_girdle / strong weak_or_absent, 166 'Pectoral-fin spines greatly elongated in males' / no yes, 167 Anterolateral_processes / curved_such_that_they_meet_or_nearly_meet_at_the_midline 'slightly angled, do not converge at midline' straight, 168 Anterolateral_processes_fused_to_anteromesial_processes / yes no, 169 Anterolateral_process_of_the_basipterygium / thin wide_through_entire_length, 170 Anteromesial_processes / present absent, 171 Fenestra_present_anterior_to_cartilaginous_section / absent present, 172 Ventral_ridge_of_the_basipterygium / tall short_to_absent, 173 Posteroventral_ridge_of_the_basipterygium / absent present, 174 'Posterior process of the basipterygium (Armbruster, 1998b)' / rounded pointed, 175 Lateropterygium_of_pelvic_girdle / absent 'wedge-shaped' thin triangular_with_ventral_part_widest 'disk-shaped', 176 'Two rows of the first pelvic-fin ray' / fused separated, 177 'First pelvic-fin rays greatly widened in adults' / absent present, 178 Central_buccal_papilla / absent_or_small large, 179 Buccal_papillae / not_numerous 'numerous, present behind upper jaw', 180 Single_papilla_located_behind_each_dentary / absent present, 181 Barbel / free adnate, 182 Number_of_barbels / two_to_three one, 183 Hypertrophied_odontodes_on_cheeks / absent present_in_nuptial_males present_regardless_of_season_or_sex, 184 'Evertible cheek plates (ordered)' / absent slightly_evertible fully_evertible, 185 One_or_two_extremely_hypertrophied_odontodes_on_cheek / absent present, 186 Whiskerlike_odontodes / absent present, 187 Fleshy_pad_covering_odontodes_on_cheeks_of_nuptial_males / absent present, 188 Hypertrophied_odontodes_along_snout_margin_anterior_to_cheek_spines / absent present, 189 Optic_notch / absent present._, 190 Position_of_pectoral_fins_in_relation_to_first_pelvicfin_ray_when_depressed_parallel_to_body_axis / above_and_separated_from_ray even_with_or_resting_on_top_of_ray, 191 'Number of caudal-fin rays' / 10_or_12 14, 192 Postdorsal_ridge / absent present, 193 Lips_forming_suckerlike_disk / absent present, 194 'Numerous small plates behind pterotic-supracleithrum' / no yes, 195 Contact_between_plates_prior_to_anal_fin / present absent, 196 Number_of_plate_rows_at_thinnest_part_of_caudal_peduncle / none two three five_or_more, 197 Number_of_predorsal_plates / none two_to_three four_or_more, 198 Keeling_of_plates / plates_absent_or_unkeeled_to_moderately_keeled 'very well-developed keel', 199 Hypertrophied_odontodes_on_bodies_of_nuptial_males / absent present, 200 Extremely_elongated_odontodes_on_top_of_the_snout / absent present, 201 Snout / naked_from_just_anterior_to_nares_down_to_lip covered_with_plates, 202 Snout / naked_or_with_many_plates one_or_two_solid_plates, 203 Abdominal_plating / absent present, 204 Teeth_in_nuptial_males / bicuspid_or_unicuspid_in_all_individuals unicuspid_and_elongated_only_in_nuptial_males, 205 Teeth / viliform 'spoon-shaped' 'large, but not spoon-shaped. ', 206 Fleshy_appendages_around_both_jaws / absent present, 207 Lower_lip_fimbriate / no yes, 208 'Fleshy tentacles on snout (ordered)' / absent sheath_partially_detached_from_odontode sheath_long_and_well_separated_from_odontode 'very long, odontodes missing', 209 'Tentacules on pectoral fins (ordered)' / absent 'small, partially detached from odontodes' 'large, free from odontodes and longer than them', 210 Oesophagus / bent straight, 211 'U-shaped diverticulum (ordered)' / absent 'expandable, loosely attached to abdominal wall' 'expandable, firmly attached to abdominal wall' 'retroperitoneal, swim bladder-like', 212 Diverticulum_nearly_completing_a_ring / absent present, 213 Stomach_greatly_expanded_and_connected_to_the_abdominal_wall_by_a_connective_tissue_sheet / no yes, 214 Stomach_expanded_such_that_it_extends_anteriorly_to_the_pectoral_girdle_and_intestine_exits_dorsally_from_expanded_region / no yes, 215 Swim_bladder / restricted_to_a_small_area_anterior_to_the_rib_of_the_sixth_vertebral_centrum 'extremely large, extending as far as or beyond the rib of the sixth vertebral centrum' ; MATRIX Acanthicus_hystrix 10000022011001011101001000100100110000000002000000122000200011010001000000100001211010030111100010020000001011210000000?{1 2}{0 1}100001211001101120010010000100000102100111001110101020000001220001011010131100101000000000001 Ancistrus_pirareta 00100022010001011101100002101101110100110102000100122000200011000100000001212001211010020110100011021000200001200001001110100000200001000120000010000200000102000111000100101020000001220000011010122000000000032000000 Ancistrus_sp. 00100022010001011101100002101101110100110102000100122000200011000100000001212001211010020110100021021000200001200000001120100000200001000120000010100200000102000111000100101020000001220000011010122000000000032000000 Astroblepus_spp._4 1000000000000000000110110000000000000000000000000000000000000001001000000100001100???0000210000200010000000000000000000001000000200000000121000021?1?000100012010111101100010141000001000000000010100000000000000000000 Baryancistrus_niveatus 10100022010001011101000002100100110100000002000000122000200011010100000001100001111010030120100021020000100001200000001120100000200000000120001010000200000001010111001100101020000001220000011010131000100000000000000 Chaetostoma_anomala 01000122010001111101100002000100100101100002000000121010200011021110000001211001111110020110100021020100000001000000000120100000200001000120010010101100000012010110001110101020100101220000011010132000000000000000000 Chaetostoma_pearsei 01000122010001111101100002000100100101100002000000121010200011011111000001212001111110020110100021020100000001000000000120100000200001000120010010101100000002010110001110101020100101220000011010132000000000000000000 Chaetostoma_platyrhynchus 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Hemipsilichthys 10210021000000011101001000201100001100000011010000121010100000110000000001000000010000020110100121020000100001000000000111001000000001100120100010010100000012011101000110010020100001?000?0001010132000100000000000000 Hemipsilichthys_bahianus 10200021000001011101001000101100001100000001000000122000100000110000000000000001110011010110100121020000100001000000000111001100000001100120100010010100000002011101000100010020000001100011001010122000100000000000000 Hemipsilichthys_cameroni 10100021000001011101000000101100001100000001000000122000200000110000000001000001011011010110100121020000100000000000000111001101000001100120000010010101000002010110000100010020100011100011001010122000100000000000000 Hemipsilichthys_nudulus 10200011000001011101001100101100000100000001100000121000200002110010000001000000010011000110100121020100100000000000000?2000100020000010100??00021?1?{2 3}00000102010111001100001020100001100011001010130000100000000000000 Hemipsilichthys_sp. 10200021000001011101100000101100001100000001000000122000200000110000000001000001111011000110100120020000100000000000000111001100000001100120000010010101000002010111000110010020000011100011001010122000100000000000000 Hemipsilichthys_splendens 10200021000001011101000000101100001100000001000000121000200000110010000001000000111011010110100121020100100000000000000110001100000001100020000010010101000102010111000100000020100011100011001010122000100000000000000 Hisonotus_sp. ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Hoplosternum_littorale 1000000000000000100000000110000000000000000100000000000000000102000000000000000000???00?000010000000?0000100300000000010100000000000000000100000000000000100000010000000?0000000000000000000000000011000000000000000000 Hypancistrus_inspector ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Hypancistrus_zebra 101000220110010111010000021011001101000001020000100240102000010101011000011000112110?0030110100000021000100001210000001?20100000000000000120000010000200000101000111000100101020000001220000011010131000101020000000000 Hypoptopoma 0020001101000011110000000020110000010000001000000012110000000011000000000100000101000010011010111002001020000000000000011100110010000010012010000001?100020000001001000100000020000001000000001010022000111000000000000 Hypostomus_albopunctatus 10100022010001001101000002100100110100000002000000122000200000010100000001000101111000020120110011020000100001110000001110100000000110000120000010000200000101000111001110101020000001010000011010132000101000000000000 Hypostomus_ammophilus 00210021010001011100001100200100110100000001000000122000100000010100000001000101{1 2}11000020221110010120000100001010000001000100000000110000120000010000200000101000111001100101020011001010000011010131010101100000000000 Hypostomus_bolivianus 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Hypostomus_squalinus 00100022010001111100001001200100110100000011000000122000100000010100000001000101111000020121110010120000100001110000001000100000000110000120000010000200000100000111001100101020010001010000011010131010101000000000000 Hypostomus_unicolor 00210021010001011100001100200100110100000001000000122000100000010100000001000101111000020221110010120000100001010000001000100000000110000120000010000200000101000111001100101020011001010000011010131010101100000000000 Isbrueckerichthys_alipionis 0021001100000101110000000010110000010000000210000012100010000011000000001000000111200111011010012102000010000000000000011100110000000110012010001001?101000012010110000110010020100011100011001011132000101000000000000 Isbrueckerichthys_duseni 0021002100000101110000000010110000010000000210000012100010000011000000000100000111200111011010012102000010000000000000000100110000000110012010001001?101000012010110000100010020100011100011001011132000101000000000000 Ixinandria_montelbelloi 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??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Peckoltia_ucayalensis 00100022011001101100000002101100110101000101010000122000200000010101100001100011111010030121110020121000100001210000001110100000200100000120000010000200000100000011000100101020100001220000011010131010101000000000000 Pogonopoma_parahybae 00200022010001001101000010100110001000000001000000122100101011010000000010000001110000020110110010120000210001000000000?11100000101000101120000010000100000101001001002110111120000001000000011011131000101000000130000 Pogonopoma_wertheimeri 10200022010001001111000010100110001100000001000000122100101011010000000010000001010000020110110010120000210001000000000111100000101000000120000010000100000101000011002110111120000001200001001011131000101000000130000 Pseudacanthicus_leopardus 10000021010001101101000001100100010000000002000010122000200000010001110000100001111010020120100020021000100011100000001120100000000001100120010010000100000102010111001100101020000001220001011010131100101020000000000 Pseudancistrus_barbatus 10100022011001011101100002100100101100000001010000122001210000010100000001100001111000030120100021020000000001110000101120100001200001000120000010000100000102010111001110111020000001210001011010131000100000010000000 Pseudancistrus_brevispinis ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Pseudancistrus_sp. 10100022011001011101100002100100101100000001010000122001210000010100000001100001111010030110100011020000000001110000101120100101200001000120000010000100000102010111002110111020000001210001011010131000100000010000000 Pseudancistrus_sp._Gold_Spot ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Pseudolithoxus_anthrax 00100022010001011101000002000101010100110101000100122000200011010100000001212001{1 2}11010030110100011020000100001201000001120100000200001000120000010000100000102000111000100101020000001220001011010121000100000011000000 Pseudorinelepis_genibarbis 00200022011001001101000000200110{0 1}01100000001000100122000201000020000000001000001011000020110110010020000210001000000000?20100000100000001120000010000100000000001001001110111020000001200001001010131000101000000110000 Pterygoplichthys_etentaculatus 101000220100011011010000002001001101000000110000001220001000000101000000010000012110000301101100100200002000011000000011201000000001100001200100{0 1}0000200000000000111001100101020000001220000011010131000101000000000100 Pterygoplichthys_zuliaensis 00200022011001001100000000200100110100000011000000122001100000010100000001000001211000030110110010020000200001100000001120100000000000000120010000000200000000000011001100101020000001220000011010031000101000000000100 Rhinelepis_aspera 10200022010001001111001010100110000100000001000000122000201011010000000001000001012000020110110010120000210000000000000120100000100000101120000010000100101001000011001110101020000001000000001011131000101000000120000 Rineloricaria_rupestris 00000000100002000100001001010000000100000001000001100000000111000000100101000001010000010111100021020000100100000000000?01011010000000001120000100010100001102010101001100100030000001100001100010022000101000000000000 Schizolecis_guentheri 00200011000000011100000000200000000100000001000000121000200000110000000001000000010000010110100121020010100021100000000?1100100000100110112010001001?1010101020110010000?0010020000001000000001010022000101000000000000 Spectracanthicus_murinus 10100022000001011101000002100100010000000102010000123010210000010111101001000101111000020110100011021000100001010000101120100000200001000120001010000300000101000111000100101020000001010000011010132000100020000000000 Spectracanthicus_punctatissimus 1010{0 1}0220000010111010000021001001100000001020100001220102100000101011100011000011110100301{1 2}0100011021000100001110000001120100001200{0 1}01{0 1}00120001010000200000102000111000100101020000001220000011010131000101020000000000 Sturisoma_festivum 00000011011001001100000002010100000100000011000000122000200000010000000001000001010010010111100020020001100001000000000?01011010000100001120100100010100000102001000001100001030000001100001000010022000101000000000000 Sturisomatichthys_citurensis 00000011011001001100000002010100000100000011000000122000200000010000000001000001010010010111100020020001100001000000000?01011010000100001120100100010100000102001001002100101020000001100001000010022000101000000000000 Upsilodus_victori 1010001100000100010110100001110000010000000100000011000000000002010000001000000110???0010110000021020000100000000010000100000101200101100020000010110001000012010110102101000020000001100001001110132000100000000000000 ; END; BEGIN TREES; Title Loricariidae; LINK Taxa = Taxa; TRANSLATE 1 Acanthicus_hystrix, 2 Ancistrus_pirareta, 3 Ancistrus_sp., 4 Astroblepus_spp._4, 5 Baryancistrus_niveatus, 6 Chaetostoma_anomala, 7 Chaetostoma_pearsei, 8 Chaetostoma_platyrhynchus, 9 Chaetostoma_sovichthys, 10 Chaetostoma_stannii, 11 Cordylancistrus_torbesensis, 12 Corydoras_spp._4, 13 Corymbophanes_andersoni, 14 Corymbophanes_kaiei, 15 Crossoloricaria_Species, 16 Crossoloricaria_venezuelae, 17 Dekeyseria_pulcher, 18 Dekeyseria_scaphirhyncha, 19 Delturus_anguillicaudatus, 20 Dianema_longibarbis, 21 Dolichancistrus_cobrensis, 22 Dolichancistrus_pediculatus, 23 Exastilithoxus_fimbriatus, 24 Exastilithoxus_sp., 25 Glyptoperichthys_gibbiceps, 26 Glyptoperichthys_lituratus, 27 Glyptoperichthys_punctatus, 28 Harttia_sp., 29 Hemiancistrus_holostictus, 30 Hemiancistrus_landoni, 31 Hemiancistrus_maracaiboensis, 32 Hemiancistrus_megacephalus, 33 Hemiancistrus_panamensis, 34 Hemiancistrus_sp., 35 Hemiancistrus_sp._Brazil, 36 Hemipsilichthys, 37 Hemipsilichthys_bahianus, 38 Hemipsilichthys_cameroni, 39 Hemipsilichthys_nudulus, 40 Hemipsilichthys_sp., 41 Hemipsilichthys_splendens, 42 Hisonotus_sp., 43 Hoplosternum_littorale, 44 Hypancistrus_inspector, 45 Hypancistrus_zebra, 46 Hypoptopoma, 47 Hypostomus_albopunctatus, 48 Hypostomus_ammophilus, 49 Hypostomus_bolivianus, 50 Hypostomus_boulengeri, 51 Hypostomus_cochliodon, 52 Hypostomus_commersoni, 53 Hypostomus_cordovae, 54 Hypostomus_emarginatus_1, 55 Hypostomus_emarginatus_2, 56 Hypostomus_francisci, 57 Hypostomus_hemicochliodon, 58 Hypostomus_hondae, 59 Hypostomus_micromaculatus, 60 Hypostomus_plecostomoides, 61 Hypostomus_plecostomus, 62 Hypostomus_plecostomus_2, 63 Hypostomus_punctatus, 64 Hypostomus_robinii, 65 Hypostomus_sp._Round_Snout_1, 66 Hypostomus_sp._Round_Snout_2, 67 Hypostomus_spinosissima, 68 Hypostomus_squalinus, 69 Hypostomus_unicolor, 70 Isbrueckerichthys_alipionis, 71 Isbrueckerichthys_duseni, 72 Ixinandria_montelbelloi, 73 Kronichthys_sp._1, 74 Kronichthys_sp._2, 75 Lamontichthys_llanero, 76 Lasiancistrus_maracaiboensis, 77 Lasiancistrus_sp., 78 Leporacanthicus_galaxias, 79 Leptoancistrus_canensis, 80 Liposarcus_multiradiatus, 81 Liposarcus_pardalis, 82 Lithogenes_villosus, 83 Lithoxancistrus_orinoco, 84 Lithoxus_bovallii, 85 Lithoxus_lithoides, 86 Loricaria_cataphracta, 87 Loricariichthys_brunneus, 88 Megalancistrus_gigas, 89 Microlepidogaster_Species, 90 Nannoptopoma_spectabile, 91 Neblinichthys_pilosus, 92 Neblinichthys_roraima, 93 Neoplecostomus_microps, 94 Neoplecostomus_paranensis, 95 Otocinclus_vestitus, 96 Otocinclus_vittatus, 97 Panaque_albomaculatus, 98 Panaque_maccus, 99 Panaque_nigrolineatus, 100 Panaque_pariolispos, 101 Parancistrus_aurantiacus, 102 Pareiorhina_, 103 Pareiorhina_rudolphi, 104 Parotocinclus_britskii, 105 Peckoltia_oligospila, 106 Peckoltia_sp._1, 107 Peckoltia_sp._2, 108 Peckoltia_sp._Big_Spot, 109 Peckoltia_ucayalensis, 110 Pogonopoma_parahybae, 111 Pogonopoma_wertheimeri, 112 Pseudacanthicus_leopardus, 113 Pseudancistrus_barbatus, 114 Pseudancistrus_brevispinis, 115 Pseudancistrus_sp., 116 Pseudancistrus_sp._Gold_Spot, 117 Pseudolithoxus_anthrax, 118 Pseudorinelepis_genibarbis, 119 Pterygoplichthys_etentaculatus, 120 Pterygoplichthys_zuliaensis, 121 Rhinelepis_aspera, 122 Rineloricaria_rupestris, 123 Schizolecis_guentheri, 124 Spectracanthicus_murinus, 125 Spectracanthicus_punctatissimus, 126 Sturisoma_festivum, 127 Sturisomatichthys_citurensis, 128 Upsilodus_victori; TREE 'Figs. 36-38' = ((12,(20,43)),((4,82),((19,128),(((((((93,94),(70,71)),102),103),((73,74),(36,(((((46,90),(95,96)),42),104),123)))),(37,(40,(38,(39,41))))),((((((16,15),86),87),(72,122)),((28,75),(126,127))),((13,14),((((111,110),121),118),((((((((48,69),55,68),54),67),(((((51,58),60),57),53,(59,64),61,62),66)),((47,56),(49,65,63))),(52,50)),(((33,(29,31)),((((80,81),120),(25,26),27),119)),((((((((1,88),112),78),(125,124)),45,((44,101),((((97,98),(99,100)),109),(106,107)))),34,105,108),((((((2,3),(76,77)),117),((((6,7,(9,10),8),((21,22),79)),11),((23,24),(85,84))),(17,18),(91,92)),(32,116,(83,(115,113)),114)),5),30),35)))))))))); END; BEGIN ASSUMPTIONS; TYPESET * UNTITLED = unord: 1 - 6 9 - 43 45 - 51 53 - 74 76 78 - 80 82 - 87 89 - 90 92 - 99 101 - 110 112 - 120 122 - 144 146 - 149 151 - 153 155 - 183 185 - 207 210 212 - 215, ord: 7 - 8 44 52 75 77 81 88 - 91\3 100 111 121 145 150 154 184 208 - 209 211; TYPESET char_ordering = unord: 1 - 6 9 - 43 45 - 51 53 - 74 76 78 - 80 82 - 87 89 - 90 92 - 99 101 - 110 112 - 120 122 - 144 146 - 149 151 - 153 155 - 183 185 - 207 210 212 - 215, ord: 7 - 8 44 52 75 77 81 88 - 91\3 100 111 121 145 150 154 184 208 - 209 211; END;