#NEXUS [written Thu Jan 11 17:51:53 SGT 2018 by Mesquite version 3.3 (build 854) at 178-36.priv23.nus.edu.sg/172.23.178.36] BEGIN TAXA; TITLE Taxa; DIMENSIONS NTAX=38; TAXLABELS Anhima_cornuta Anseranas_semipalmata Dendrocygna_eytoni Cereopsis_novaehollandiae Anser_caerulescens Malacorhynchus Tadorna_tadornoides Leipoa_ocellata Megapodius_reinwardt Megapodius_eremita Alectura_lathami Talegalla_fuscirostris Macrocephalon Mwalau Gallus_gallus Coturnix_pectoralis Acryllium_vulturinum Megavitiornis_altirostris Ortalis_vetula Sylviornis_neocaledoniae Presbyornis_pervetus Dromaius_novaehollandiae Dinornis_robustus Tinamus_robustus Struthio Dromornis_planei Crax_rubra Eulipoa_wallacei Lithornis_promiscuus Chauna_torquata Lithornis_plebius Paracathartes_howardae Phasianus_colchicus Burhinus_grallarius Porphyrio_melanotus Grus_rubicunda Anatalavis_oxfordi Vegavis_iaai ; END; BEGIN CHARACTERS; TITLE S3; DIMENSIONS NCHAR=285; FORMAT DATATYPE = STANDARD GAP = - MISSING = ? SYMBOLS = " 0 1 2 3 4"; CHARSTATELABELS 1 'Premaxilla, length relative to cranium' / longer_than_cranium equal_to_cranial_length shorter_than_cranium_length., 2 'Premaxilla, length facies apertura nasalis compared to width craniofacial hinge, which in palaeognaths is interpreted as the rostral side of lacrymal' / 'long, greater than width of craniofacial hinge' 'intermediate, approximately equal to width craniofacial hinge' 'short, much less than width craniofacial hinge.', 3 Premaxilla / sides_divergent_caudally spatulate 'not spatulate, dorsoventrally deep, with anteriorly steep culmen, nares reduced, e.g. Sylviornis.', 4 'Premaxilla, anterior section curved ventrally so ventral profile curved down' / 'Yes, (e.g. Anseranas)' 'No, straight ventral margin.', 5 'Premaxilla, with culmen forming a distinct broad flattened ridge extending to tip defined by grooves laterally, with parallel structure ventrally on mandible' / yes no., 6 'Upper beak, lamellae for filter feeding' / absent 'vestigial, 2, well developed.', 7 'Premaxilla, palatal surface, fusion of proc. maxillopalatini' / 'not fused medially, fenestra ventromedialis open caudally (e.g. galliforms)' 'fused medially but incompletely, i.e., palate directly desmognathous, caudally enclosing elongate fenestra ventromedialis (e.g. Anseranas, anatids)' fused_medially_and_completely_and_entire_palate_lacking_fenestrae., 8 'Skull, zona flexoria craniofacialis' / 'zona absent or indistinct, no transverse sulcus, overlap of processus frontalis of premaxilla and frontals and os nasales continuous over zona, e.g. palaeognaths' 'well developed zona present marked by transverse sulcus, nasals and processus frontalis cross zona, e.g. Anseranas' 'zona flexoria essentially a hinge, e.g. Sylviornis, Dromornis.', 9 'Cranium, os prefrontale (lacrimal), synostosis with os frontale and or os nasale' / lacking present_but_restricted_to_area_caudal_of_craniofacial_hinge 'present adjacent to nasal rostral to craniofacial hinge, and synostosed caudal to hinge.', 10 'Cranium, lacrimal, presence proc. supraorbitalis, enclosing notch caudally' / 'process absent or small, variably laterally oriented' 'large, encloses marked notch.', 11 'Cranium, os frontale, facies dorsalis, sulcus glandulae nasalis (salt gland impressions)' / absent 'present, typically lateral.', 12 'Cranium, lacrimal, processus orbitalis lacrimale' / 'absent, e.g. Leipoa' 'dorsoventrally short, tapering markedly ventrally (e.g. Anseranas)' dorsoventrally_elongate., 13 'Cranium, lacrimal -- os ectethmoidale (ectethmoid) complex' / 'Ectethmoid not ossified, or just an incipient ridge dorsally below the nasals' 'Ectethmoid ossified and small, not fused to lacrimal' 'Ectethmoid ossified and large, fused to or abuts lacrimal forming lacrimal-ectethmoid complex (e.g. Malacorhynchus).', 14 'Cranium, facies interorbitalis, depression frontalis' / absent 'shallow, elongate groove, variably extending to area between lacrimals or through the interorbital area' marked_concavity_extending_from_between_lacrimals_through_interorbital_area., 15 'Cranium, fronto-parietal suture' / open closed., 16 'Cranium, projection of os squamosum lateroventrally links with an outgrowth of the ala parasphenoidalis anteriorly enclosing the recessus tympanicus rostralis' / absent present., 17 'Cranium, processus zygomaticus' / present 'absent or obsolete e.g. Anseranas, Cereopsis. The zygomatic process is present in most birds and is small in galliforms. In Dromornis planei, the proc. zygomaticus is fused to proc. postorbitalis is coded 0. Overlaps Mayr and Clarke (2003, char. 33).', 18 'Cranium, proc. zygomaticus, aponeurosis zygomatica ' / 'unossified, e.g. Dromaius; 1. ossified, and often extends towards or converges with proc. postorbitalis but separated at its base by the impressio musculi adductoris mandibulae externus pars coronoidea on the lateral cranium in adults, e.g. Alectura' 'ossified, and merges with proc.', 19 'Cranium, impressio musculi adductoris mandibulae externus pars coronoidea et pars articularis (see, Zusi and Livezey (2000), both present laterally on cranium, small' / 'yes, e.g. Leipoa' 'no, only pars articularis present laterally on cranium with pars coronoidea restricted to medial surface of proc.', 20 'Cranium, recessus tympanicus (=tympanic cavity), lateral flange of the ala parasphenoidalis or a lateral projection of the lamina parasphenoidalis, and caudal connections with the proc. paroccipitalis of os exoccipitale' / 'recessus tympanicus not bound ventrally by laterally projecting ala parasphenoidalis, e.g. Dromaius' recessus_tympanicus_bound_ventrally_by_laterally_projecting_ala_parasphenoidalis_which_links_caudally_to_the_proc., 21 'Cranium, lacrimal, facies articularis frontonasalis, length relative to anterocaudal orbit diameter' / shorter_than_or_equal_to longer_than., 22 'Cranium, tuba auditiva communis, separation of ostia (Livezey and Zusi 2006: char. 126)' / widely_separated closely_approach_mid_line_of_cranium_opening_into_ostium_pharyngeale_or_tuba_auditiva_communis., 23 'Cranium, caudal part os basisphenoidale, ostium canalis opthalmici externa (for tubae auditivae, eustachian tubes) completely ossified ventrally' / yes no., 24 'Cranium, basiparasphenoid plate (= lamina parasphenoidalis) inflated ventrally below the tuba auditiva communis and the ostium pharyngeale and associated foramina rami palatinus et sphenomaxillaris, rounded, and broad' / no yes., 25 'Cranium, lamina parasphenoidalis, caudolateral corner, development of tuberculum basilare (mamillar tuberosities), proc. mediales parasphenoidales' / obsolete large_and_prominent., 26 'Cranium, os opisthoticum/prooticum, pila otica with pneumatic openings lateral or caudolateral to it' / no yes., 27 'Cranium, os basisphenoidale (os parasphenoidale), presence of proc. basipterygoidei' / yes no., 28 'Cranium, os basisphenoidale (os parasphenoidale), position of proc. basipterygoidei' / on_anterolateral_corner_of_basitemporal_platform_caudal_to_rostrum_parasphenoidale anterior_to_basitemporal_platform_on_caudal_end_of_caudally_broad_rostrum_parasphenoidale 'on sides of rostrum parasphenoidale anterior to caudal end of rostrum, usually narrowly separated, e.g. Anatidae.', 29 'Cranium, basipterygoid process, facet for articulation with pterygoid pedicellate (stalked)' / 'yes, and elongate' 'yes, short, ie facet is well raised above facies' no., 30 'Cranium, occipital region, fontanelles' / absent present., 31 'Cranium, ventral view, paroccipital notch, i.e. between proc. paroccipitalis and the mamillar tuberosity, location of foramen n. vagi (vagus foramen for IXth and Xth nerves)' / in_the_notch caudad_or_mesad_of_the_notch., 32 'Cranium, ventral view, location of external aperture of carotid canal' / posterior_to_paroccipital_notch 'in paroccipital notch, e.g. Leipoa' anterior_to_paroccipital_notch., 33 'Cranium, ventral view, position of proc. jugale of os maxillare relative to processus maxillopalatini (= processus palatus maxillaris Livezey and Zusi 2006) of maxilla' / dorsal_or_on_same_plane ventral., 34 'Cranium, os palatinum, angulus caudolateralis' / absent_or_very_small present_and_prominent., 35 'Cranium, ossa palatina, development of crista ventralis' / poorly_developed_or_absent strongly_developed_ventrally., 36 'Cranium, ossa palatina completely fused along midline caudally, with or without vomer' / no yes., 37 'Cranium, vomer, caudal ends not fused, more or less deeply cleft' / yes no., 38 'Cranium, vomer, caudal end sleeves over (wraps around) rostrum parasphenoidale' / yes 'no, may or may not fuse to processus rostralis of ossa palatina.', 39 'Cranium, vomer mediolaterally wide' / yes no., 40 'Cranium, vomer forms a narrow and dorsoventrally high lamella on the midline' / no yes., 41 'Cranium, os palatinum and os pterygoideum fused' / yes no., 42 'Cranium, os pterygoideum: presence of a fossa on the dorsal facies caudal to the basipterygoid process' / 'absent or weakly developed (D. planei, Ilbandornis)' 'strongly developed fossa (D.', 43 'Cranium, os pterygoideum, articulation with palatine' / 'a simple abutment (Dromornis, Anhima)' 'a ball and socket joint with 1 main condyle (Alectura, Megapodius)' 'a ball and socket joint with prominent additional dorsal condyle (Anseranas, anatids)' pterygoid_fused_to_palatine., 44 'Cranium, os pterygoideum, location of basipterygoid facet' / no_facet 'facet separated from rostral end by c. 1/2 length facet (Anhima)' 'facet closer to rostral end than (1) and may abut palatine articulation (Dromornis)' facet_close_to_the_caudal_end., 45 'Cranium, os exoccipitale, processus paroccipitalis, strongly protruding caudoventrally, caudally convex' / no yes., 46 'Cranium, processus postorbitalis stout and projecting obliquely rostrally beneath orbita' / no yes., 47 'Quadrate, proc. mandibularis in lateral view, profile above cotyla quadratojugalis' / 'subparallel to plane across ventral margins of condyli lateralis et medialis, meeting ascending ramus of proc. oticus at about right angles (e.g. Malacorhynchus)' ascends_to_meet_ascending_ramus_of_proc., 48 'Quadrate, pars mandibularis, processus lateralis pars quadratojugalis, prominentia submeatica on caudomedial facies' / absent present., 49 'Quadrate, capitulum squamosum and capitulum oticum' / 'form single elongate dumbbell shaped head, capituli with articular facets indistinct or essentially abutting each other' have_distinct_articular_facets_widely_separated_by_incisura_intercapitulum one_articular_surface_forming_an_oval_head., 50 'Quadrate, proc. oticus, tuberculum subcapitulare (=eminentia articularis)' / absent present., 51 'Quadrate, pneumatic foramen caudal to crista medialis on proc. oticus, foramen pneumaticum caudomediale, sensu Elzanowski and Stidham (2010)' / no yes., 52 'Quadrate, pneumatic foramen on anteromesial surface of proc. oticus, equals foramen pneumaticum rostromediale, rostral to the crista medialis' / no yes., 53 'Quadrate, crista orbitalis proc. orbitalis' / crista_orbitalis_weak_and_on_bulge_laterally_on_processus_orbitalis crista_orbitalis_prominent_and_on_bulge_laterally_on_processus_orbitalis 'crista mainly on tip of processus orbitalis, which has no lateral bulge.', 54 'Quadrate, foramen pneumaticum basiorbitale (see Elzanowski and Stidham 2010) ventrally on medial surface of processus oticus' / no yes., 55 'Quadrate, proc. oticus, capitulum oticum, pneumatic under capitulum' / no yes., 56 'Quadrate, pterygoid articulations, condylus pterygoideus and facies artic. pterygoidea of the orbital process' / adjacent_or_fused_to_each_other 'widely separated, distinct facet on orbital process.', 57 'Quadrate, the capitulum squamosum overhangs the lateral surface of the processus oticus' / 'yes (e.g. Anseranas)' no., 58 'Quadrate, the dorsolateral margin extending from processus oticus to the dorsal tip of the crista orbitalis' / 'forms straight line (e.g. Dendrocygna) or slightly concave' markedly_concave., 59 'Quadrate, pars quadratojugalis, fovea quadratojugalis, incisura caudalis (see Elzanowski and Stidham 2010)' / absent present., 60 'Mandible, cotylae fossae articularis' / 'three cotylae, with cotyla medialis and cotyla lateralis separated by a shallow groove (sulcus intercotylaris)' 'two cotylae, cotyla medialis and cotyla lateralis large and separated by an anteroposteriorly oriented crista intercotylaris.', 61 'Mandible, convex ventrally' / 'essentially lacking, < ½ depth os dentale (dentary) extends below middle of line linking the mandible tip and the cranial end of the dentary: 1, pronounced, > ½ depth below such line.', 62 'Mandible, deep groove in the ventral surface of the anterior portion of the mandibular rami' / absent present., 63 'Mandible, depth regio coronoidei' / shallower_or_slightly_deeper_than_posterior_end_of_dentary 'markedly deeper ( >1.5x depth) than that of the posterior dentary' 'markedly reduced, depth much less than depth at angulus mandibulae at posterior end dentary, associated with rostral shift in ligamental insertions, e.g., Dromornis.', 64 'Mandible, proc. retroarticularis (retroarticular process), presence' / absent 'present, short, projection no more than depth at origin' 'present, long, total projection > but <2x depth at origin adjacent cotylae' 'present, very long, length greater than 2x depth at origin.', 65 'Mandible, impressio musculi depressor mandibulae, recessus conicalis' / absent 'present, shallow (e.g. Anseranas) or deep.', 66 'Mandible, proc. medialis mandibulae, foramen pneumaticum articulare' / 'present (e.g. Anseranas)' absent., 67 'Mandible, splenial fused to dentary in adults' / yes no 'weakly fused, only in part usually dorsal margin.', 68 'Mandible, processus medialis mandibulae, long, narrow, and dorsally oriented' / no yes., 69 'Mandibular rami, lateral compression defining long, very narrow inter-ramal region' / absent present., 70 'Vertebrae, total number of cervical and thoracic vertebrae' / 20_or_fewer '21-22' '23-25' '26-30.', 71 'Thoracic vertebrae, pleurocoelous (with deep lateral depressions in the corpus) with or without pneumatisation' / 'no, lacks deep lateral fossae and not pneumatic' 'yes, deep lateral fossae but not pneumatic' 'corpus with large pneumatic foramen, but walls not compressed into fossa.', 72 'Atlas, foramina transversaria' / absent present., 73 'Axis, foramina transversaria' / present absent., 74 'Axis, processus costales' / present absent., 75 'Axis, processus ventralis, size and shape' / 'low, not deeper than facies articularis of centrum' 'present, pronounced, >depth facies articularis of centrum.', 76 'Third cervical vertebra, osseous bridge from processus transversus to processus articularis caudalis enclosing a foramen' / absent present., 77 'Posterior caudal vertebrae with well-developed processus haemales ventrally, projects anteriorly off pygostyle' / no yes., 78 'Thoracic vertebrae fused/co-ossified forming a notarium' / no 'yes two vertebrae fuse, e.g., Anseranas' 'yes, three or four vertebrae fuse forming notarium.', 79 'Sternum, corpus sterni, presence of pneumatic foramina on sulcus medianus sterni (midline)' / 'yes, multiple, no single large one, and extending more caudally (e.g. Anseranas)' 'single well-defined foramen anteriorly' no_foramen 'large well-defined foramen on midline centred on costal processes, may have smaller foramina associated with it, e.g. Gallus.', 80 'Sternum, corpus sterni, pars cardiaca, pori pneumatici' / 'widely scattered on it (e.g. Anseranas)' 'limited to caudal margin of pila coracoidea (e.g. Cereopsis)' essentially_absent., 81 'Sternum, corpus sterni, margo costalis, number of proc. costalis' / seven_or_eight 'five or six, e.g. Anseranas, Cereopsis' 'three or four, e.g. galliforms.', 82 'Sternum, corpus sterni, margo caudalis with thickened ridge' / present 'absent (e.g. Cereopsis, coincident with carina sterni not extending to caudal margin).', 83 'Sternum, rostrum sterni, spina interna rostri (dorsal manubrial spine)' / 'absent, or a broad shallow medial notch bound by prominences on the labrum internum, includes situation where a broad notch has a medial prominence (e.g. Anas)' 'present, either a rectanguloid flange (e.g. Malacorhynchus) or triangular protuberance, e.g. galliforms.', 84 'Sternum, rostrum sterni, pila coracoidea' / 'thickened, robust ridge' 'thin, not at all thickened (e.g. Oxyura).', 85 'Sternum, rostrum sterni, spina externa rostri (ventral manubrial spine)' / 'lacking (e.g. Dendrocygna)' 'present, robust, short to long, bifid or pointed, but not connecting to spina interna' 'present and bladelike, connecting to spina interna.', 86 'Sternum, margo costalis, location of distal-most costal process' / 'in distal half of corpus sterni (basin) measured from dorsal lip coracoidal sulcus and costal length >1/2 basin length (e.g. Anseranas)' 'in distal half of basin but costal length <1/2 basin length (e.g. Dendrocygna)' 'at or anterior of midpoint of basin length, costal length <1/2 basin length.', 87 'Sternum, caudal margin, number of notches or fenestrae' / four two none., 88 'Scapula, scapus scapulae (blade), dorsoventral height' / 'uniform or decreases over first 2/3 of length' increases_distally_of_collum_scapulae_to_a_maximum_at_about_½_to_¾_blade_length., 89 'Scapula, acromion, cranial extent with collum scapulae horizontal' / 'equal to or caudal to tuberculum coracoideum (e.g. Anseranas)' extends_distinctly_craniad_of_tuberculum_coracoideum., 90 'Scapula, cranial end, foramen pneumaticum' / 'present laterally, variable in shape' absent., 91 'Scapula, ventral facies under facies articularis humeralis, pneumatic fossa present' / no 'yes; this obvious feature in megapodiids appears to have not been used in character analyses previously.', 92 'Scapula, acromion, attachment for ligamentum acrocoraco-procoracoideum' / 'absent or poorly developed crista, e.g. Anseranas' 'well developed tuberculum projecting costally, e.g. Megapodius. The derived state (1) may relate to the much reduced processus procoracoideus in galliforms and transfer of the primary insertion of this ligament to the scapula from the coracoid.', 93 'Coracoid, presence of foramen/incisura nervi supracoracoidei' / 'yes, foramen opens into corpus' 'yes, but not opening into corpus' no_foramen., 94 'Coracoid, procoracoid, presence' / absent_or_present_with_minimal_projection_medially an_obvious_process_extending_medially_of_corpus., 95 'Coracoid, omal end, facies articularis scapularis' / 'deep cotyla present, e.g. Cereopsis' 'shallow cotyla, e.g. Anseranas' forms_a_subplanar_to_convex_subcondylar_articulation., 96 'Coracoid, omal end, processus acrocoracoideus (acrocoracoid) with pneumatic foramina under facies artic. clavicularis (clavicle facet)' / lacking 'present, in well-defined fossa below dorsal part of clavicle facet only' 'present, in a broad area under clavicle facet (e.g., Cereopsis)' foramina_present_under_ventral_part_of_clavicle_facet_only., 97 'Coracoid, omal end, ventral facies, processus acrocoracoideus, depth of sulcus medial to facies artic. humeralis and sternal to impressio ligamentum acrocoracohumeralis' / 'shallow groove, e.g. Alectura, Anseranas' 'deep groove, e.g. Gallus, Anhima.', 98 'Coracoid, omal end, processus acrocoracoideus, facies artic. clavicularis, dorsal and ventral lobes' / not_projected_over_sulcus_m._supracoracoidei 'not projected equally, only dorsal lobe overhangs sulcus' both_lobes_slightly_overhang_supracoracoidal_sulcus 'pronounced overhang of both lobes over supracoracoidal sulcus (e.g. M. membranaceus).', 99 'Coracoid, omal end, processus acrocoracoideus, orientation relative to facies articularis humeralis in dorsal view' / acrocoracoid_directed_primarily_cranially_forming_wide_angle_with_humeral_facet 'directed primarily medially forming near right angle with medial margin of humeral facet, e.g. galliforms.', 100 'Coracoid, omal end, facies articularis humeralis' / 'concave articular surface in dorsoventral plane, e.g., Cereopsis' 'flat or convex, e.g., Gallus. This does not relate to the omal-sternal plane.', 101 'Coracoid, omal end, processus acrocoracoideus, projection of cranial end over medial margin of sulcus m. supracoracoidei in dorsal aspect' / 'little or none (e.g. Anseranas, Tadorna)' 'significantly projected (e.g. Gallus).', 102 'Coracoid, omal end, sulcus m. supracoracoidei, excavated under facies artic. humeralis' / absent present., 103 'Coracoid, omal end, sulcus m. supracoracoidei, corpus at ventromedial margin' / 'rounded, relatively thick, e.g. megapodes' 'compressed, keeled, e.g., Gallus.', 104 'Coracoid, corpus, facies dorsalis, foramen pneumaticum in impressio m. sternocoracoidei' / present absent., 105 'Coracoid, corpus, facies dorsalis, with several striae of muscle scars diagonally traversing it' / no yes., 106 'Coracoid, corpus, facies ventralis, a well-defined impressio m. supracoracoidei bound laterally by a linea muscularis and caudally by the facies artic. sternalis' / 'flat or convex ventrally, e.g., Gallus' 'present, distinct but shallow (e.g. Oxyura, Malacorhynchus)' 'present deep, typified by Stictonetta and Dendrocygna.', 107 'Coracoid, ventral facies artic. sternalis' / 'ventral facet distinct with rounded cranial margin, may or may not be elevated with respect to adjacent facies, separated from dorsal facet by distinct crest (e.g. Anseranas)' 'ventral facet not prominent ventrally, directed sternally, continuous via rounded ridge to dorsal facet' ventral_facet_absent_or_indistinct., 108 'Coracoid, corpus, orientation, line linking proc. acrocoracoideus and angulus medialis forms angle with line linking lateral and medial extremes of sternal facet' / 'markedly greater than 90-100º' 'approximates 90-100º.', 109 Coracoid_fused_with_scapula / no yes., 110 'Furcula, processus acromialis' / broadly_rounded pointed., 111 'Furcula, claviculae, lateromedial curvature' / little significant_curvature., 112 'Furcula, apophysis furculae (furcular process or hypocleideum) projecting dorsocaudally' / 'obsolete, no structure visible' 'present as low ridge, either single (e.g. Tadorna) or paired (e.g. Cereopsis)' 'present as a prominent ridge or lobe, e.g., galliforms.', 113 'Furcula, scapus claviculae, facies lateralis' / lacking_foramina_pneumatica 'with foramina pneumatica, e.g., Cereopsis.', 114 'Furcula, overall form apophysis furculae' / 'robust, tending towards V-shaped with furculae divergent dorsally' 'robust, U-shaped' 'slender, broadly U-shaped' 'slender, V-shaped.', 115 'Humerus, margo caudalis, capital shaft ridge present and extends alongside and proximal to fossa pneumotricipitalis' / yes no., 116 'Humerus, capital shaft ridge, when present and prominent' / 'directed towards caput (head) (e.g. Anseranas)' directed_towards_the_zone_between_the_head_and_the_tuber., 117 'Humerus, margo caudalis, area adjacent and distal to end of crista deltopectoralis compressed into a ridge that does not extend further proximally' / 'yes, e.g. megapodes' 'no, e.g., Gallus.', 118 'Humerus, proximal end, fossa pneumotricipitalis dorsalis (dorsal or secondary pneumotricipital fossa) between incisura capitis (capital groove) and tuberculum dorsale' / 'absent (e.g. Anseranas, Cereopsis)' dorsal_head_of_M., 119 'Humerus, fossa pneumotricipitalis dorsalis (dorsal pneumotricipital fossa) excavated below caput humeri' / no yes., 120 'Humerus, relationship of incisura capitis humeri to facies at its dorsal end' / opens_dorsally_at_same_level 'groove is elevated above (more caudal) the facies' separated_from_the_caudal_facies_by_a_distinct_crista_incisurae_capitis_distalis_that_closes_the_groove., 121 'Humerus, proximal end, crista deltopectoralis (deltoid crest)' / 'caudally (anconally) concave, profile of crista rounded over length' 'caudally flat or convex, profile angular.', 122 'Humerus, proximal end, crista deltopectoralis, in cranial/palmar view, length relative to junction of crista bicipitalis (bicipital crest) with shaft' / about_50%_of_length_of_deltoid_crest_extends_distad_of_bicipital_crest 'about 30-40% of length of deltoid crest extends distad of bicipital crest' significantly_less_than_30%_of_deltoid_crest_extends_distad_of_bicipital_crest., 123 'Humerus, proximal end, crista deltopectoralis, in cranial/palmar view, apex of crista markedly deflected ventrally to overhang cranial facies' / no 'yes, e.g., Gallus, but not megapodes.', 124 'Humerus, proximal end, tuberculum dorsale (dorsal tuberculum)' / 'prominent, buttressed, elevated from surface of shaft' essentially_coplanar_with_shaft., 125 'Humerus, tuberculum dorsale shape' / width_roughly_equals_length elongate_ovate 'elongate, narrow lenticular scar merging with proximolateral facies of deltoid crest.', 126 'Humerus, proximal end, insertion of the principle part of the tendon of M. supracoracoideus' / restricted_to_the_tuberculum_dorsale 'forms elongate scar extending distal to tuberculum dorsale, e.g., galliforms. Reinterprets Mayr and Clarke (2003, char. 76) and overlaps Ksepka (2009, char. 57). ', 127 'Humerus, proximal end, attachment site of M. scapulohumeralis cranialis, see Hiroshige and Yoshikazu (2007), location relative to crus dorsal fossae' / partly_on_or_dorsally_to_crus ventral_to_crus., 128 'Humerus, proximal end, tuber. ventrale, in caudal view' / directed_proximally_so_does_not_overhang_the_fossa_pneumotricipitalis_ventralis 'directed caudo-cranially so its distal margin either is directed at right angles to the fossorial plane or overhangs the fossa pneumotricipitalis ventralis.', 129 'Humerus, proximal end, fossa pneumotricipitalis ventralis' / 'open, highly pneumatic, cavity with bony struts extends under margo caudalis (shallow in Anseranas, deep in e.g. Tadorna)' 'closed by bony wall internally, forming a conical-shaped pocket or fossa with the apex extending under the head.', 130 'Humerus, proximal end, incisura capitis, either caudal or cranial view' / 'proximal profile not or barely interrupted by incisura; 1. proximal profile with very shallow notch, e.g., tadornines' proximal_profile_with_distinct_notch_created_by_incisura., 131 'Humerus, proximal end, crista bicipitalis (bicipital crest), shape in caudal view' / 'width across the fossa pneumotricipitalis ventralis from crus dorsale fossae to crus ventrale fossae distinctly less than length from tuberculum ventralis to junction of crista bicipitalis and shaft (e.g. Anseranas)' width_approximately_equals_length width_distinctly_greater_than_length_e.g._Anas., 132 'Humerus, insertion for M. coracobrachialis caudalis' / situated_on_tuberculum_ventrale_and_separated_from_caput_by_incisura_capitis forms_distinct_depressio_insertii_m., 133 'Humerus, insertion for M. coracobrachialis caudalis when at dorsal side of incisura capitis indenting the crista incisurae capitis distalis' / 'abuts a small distal projection (tuberculum intermedium) on the caput, e.g. megapodes' 'is bound dorsally by marked tuberculum intermedium projecting from caput, e.g. Gallus' no_project_from_caput_bounding_it_dorsally., 134 'Humerus, attachment of m. latissimus dorsi pars cranialis (=latissimus dorsi anterioris) is' / 'located dorsad of the margo caudalis, e.g. megapodes and anseriforms' 'ventrad to the margo caudalis, e.g. all other galliforms.', 135 'Humerus, shaft with essentially parallel sides in caudal or cranial views' / yes 'no, narrows distally (at least 10% reduction on mid-length width), narrowest point in distal third' 'no, narrowest near midshaft point, e.g. galliforms.', 136 'Humerus, proximal end, attachment scar of m. latissimus dorsi pars cranialis, location, caudal view' / adjacent_to_and_proximally_overlaps_with_distal_end_of_deltoid_crest 'markedly caudad of and distal to crista deltopectoralis, e.g. galliforms' markedly_caudad_of_and_broadly_overlaps_in_proximodistal_plane_crista_deltopectoralis., 137 'Humerus, distal end, relative distal extent of proc. flexorius (= entepicondyle) to line drawn across distal extreme of condyli ventralis et dorsalis, in cranial view' / 'short, ends markedly proximad to condyli, e.g. Anseranas' 'long, distal extent roughly equal to that of the condyli, e.g. tadornines and anatines.', 138 'Humerus, distal end, tuber. supracondylare dorsale (ectepicondylar prominence), in cranial view' / 'present, a distinct caudo-cranially thickened prominence on dorsal margin at proximal end of the dorsal condyle (e.g. Anseranas)' 'No prominence distinct from epicondylus dorsalis, which usually forms a low short proximally directed ridge.', 139 'Humerus, distal end, tuber. supracondylare ventrale (attachment of the anterior artic. ligament)' / 'attachment facet parallel to shaft, not buttressed proximally (e.g. Anseranas)' 'facet buttressed proximally, tilted distally and/or medially (e.g. Anas).', 140 'Humerus, distal end, sulcus scapulotricipitalis (external tricipital groove)' / 'absent or barely defined (e.g. Anseranas)' 'present on caudal face, but not extending around distal end of epicondylus dorsalis (e.g. Dendrocygna)' 'present, extends distally around epicondylus dorsalis, forms distal notch in caudal view.', 141 'Humerus, distal end, attachment of pronator brevis, sensu, origin of the proximal head of the M. pronator superficialis' / 'pit on ventral facies, separated from facet on tuber. supracondylare ventrale' pit_incorporated_into_ventral_margin_of_facet_on_tuber_supracondylare_ventrale., 142 'Humerus, proximal end, tuberculum ventrale, projection caudally, medial or proximal view' / projects_more_caudad_than_caput little_projection_about_same_as_caput., 143 'Humerus, distal end, ventral facies, scar for M. flexor carpi ulnaris on processus flexorius' / one_large_scar two_scars_of_approximately_equal_depth 'two scars, caudal one shallow, cranial one deep.', 144 'Humerus, width of space between the facet on the tuber. supracondylare ventrale and the proximoventral apex of the dorsal condyle' / 'narrow, gap equal to or narrower than width facet' 'wide, gap wider than facet.', 145 'Humerus, fossa olecrani (olecranal fossa)' / absent_or_shallow 'deep, well defined.', 146 'Ulna, proximal end, cranial (palmar) view, width' / 'dorsoventral width greater than breadth from olecranon to cranial margin of cotyla ventralis, e.g. Cereopsis' 'dorsoventral width less than breadth from olecranon to cranial margin of cotyla ventralis, e.g. Gallus.', 147 'Ulna, proximal end, ventral facies, tuberculum lig. collateralis ventralis and insertion for trochlea humeroulnaris on side of olecranon' / 'tuberculum lig. collateralis ventralis large, ventrally convex, separated by a sulcus from insertion for trochlea humeroulnaris which is aligned craniocaudally across olecranon, e.g. Tadorna, Anseranas' 'tuberculum lig. collateralis ventralis flat on ventral facies, with no sulcus between it and the insertion for trochlea humeroulnaris which is aligned proximodistally on the olecranon, e.g. Leipoa, Gallus' 'tuberculum lig. collateralis ventralis flat on ventral facies, distinctly separated distally from the insertion for trochlea humeroulnaris which is aligned craniocaudally across olecranon', 148 'Ulna, proximal end, cranial (palmar) view, tuber. bicipitale ulnae (for insertion of M. biceps brachii)' / 'forms single prominent elongate tuberculum extending from just distal to the cotyla ventralis diagonally and distally towards a point distad of the processus cotylaris dorsalis, although two insertions may form abutting scars (e.g. Anseranas)' 'two separated insertions, one starts adjacent to cotyla ventralis and extending disto-ventrally to a level distad of the cotyla dorsalis; the second lies further distally, distal to the dorsal cotylar process (e.g. Malacorhynchus, Anhima)' 'two separated insertions: one starts adjacent to cotyla ventralis and extends across incisura radialis ending proximal to distal end of cotyla dorsalis; the second lies distal to cotyla dorsalis, e.g. Anser' forms_single_scar_extending_from__distal_to_cotyla_ventralis_to_a_ridge_extending_distoventrally_from_cotyla_dorsalis_enclosing_a_marked_incisura_radialis., 149 'Ulna, proximal end, fossa or pneumatic foramen under processus cotylaris dorsalis' / absent 'present (e.g. Malacorhynchus).', 150 'Ulna, length' / approximately_equal_to_or_greater_than_length_humerus 'significantly (>5%) shorter than humerus.', 151 'Ulna, shaft compressed dorsoventrally with dorsoventral width markedly less than craniocaudal depth and ventral side flattened adjacent to the distal end of the brachial fossa' / yes no., 152 'Ulna, distal end, condylus ventralis low, not prominent ventrally, with sulcus intercondylaris wide and shallow' / 'yes, e.g. megapodes' no., 153 'Ulna, distal end with marked depressio radialis' / no 'yes e.g., Anseranas', 154 'Ulna, distal end, tuberculum carpale, cranioventral projection' / 'tuberculum carpale large, projects more than half the craniocaudal width of the dorsal and ventral condyles, e.g. anseriforms' 'tuberculum carpale small, projects less than half the craniocaudal width of the dorsal and ventral condyles, e.g. Leipoa, Gallus.', 155 'Carpometacarpus, proximal end, dorsal and caudal aspects, external rim trochlea carpalis with marked notch caudally' / 'no, rim extensive with even convex profile caudally extending to fovea carpalis caudalis (e.g. Anseranas)' 'yes, rim extensive with marked notch caudally in rim that extends to fovea carpalis caudalis' 'rim short, ends distally at position of notch in previous character state (e.g. galliforms).', 156 'Carpometacarpus, proximal end, caudal view, distal extent of dorsal rim trochlea carpalis' / ending_considerably_short_of_ventral_rim falling_only_slightly_short_of_ventral_rim equals_or_exceeds_ventral_rim., 157 'Carpometacarpus, proximal end, fovea carpalis cranialis (anterior carpal fossa)' / 'absent, cranial margin of trochlea carpalis flat or slightly convex (e.g. Anseranas)' 'present, cranial margin of trochlea carpalis distinctly concave, but lacking pneumatic foramen' present_and_contains_pneumatic_foramen., 158 'Carpometacarpus, proximal end, fovea carpalis caudalis (cuniform fossa)' / 'present, and pneumatic' 'present and not pneumatic, deep, high dorsal margin bounding it, fossa extending markedly below plane of os metacarpale majus' 'present and not pneumatic, shallow, not strongly emarginated dorsally.', 159 'Carpometacarpus, proximal end, caudal view, position of ventral rim of trochlea carpalis relative to area of synostosis of os metacarpale minus on os metacarpale majus' / minor_metacarpal_extends_dorsad_of_ventral_rim 'os metacarpale minus entirely ventral to ventral rim of trochlea carpalis, e.g., galliforms.', 160 'Carpometacarpus, proximal end, ventral facies, fossa infratrochlearis (internal ligamental fossa)' / 'absent, region flat or convex, e.g. Gallus' 'shallow, (e.g. Anseranas)' 'deep, extends to at or below level of ventral facies of processus extensorius (e.g. Dendrocygna).', 161 'Carpometacarpus, proximal end, ventral facies, ridge linking ventral rim of trochlea carpalis and processus pisiformis, relationship to ventral facies of processus extensorius' / 'rounded profile, little elevated (e.g. Dendrocygna)' 'sharp drop-off' 'overhangs ventral facies of processus extensorius with resultant fovea under ledge (e.g. Malacorhynchus).', 162 'Carpometacarpus, proximal end, processus extensorius (process metacarpal I, extensor process), proximal margin' / 'perpendicular to, or proximally directed relative to shaft' 'distinctly distally directed (e.g. Cygnus).', 163 'Carpometacarpus, proximal end, craniocaudal length processus extensorius in ventral view' / 'short, less than width trochlea carpalis' 'elongate, equal to or greater than width trochlea carpalis.', 164 'Carpometacarpus, proximal end, caudal facies, os metacarpale minus (metacarpal III)' / rounded_or_flattened_adjacent_to_fornix_with_metacarpal_II distinctly_grooved., 165 'Carpometacarpus, proximal end, length of metacarpal II from processus alularis (pollical facet) to start of spatium intermetacarpale relative to craniocaudal width (ventral view) of the fused metacarpals II and III' / 'long, ? width' 'short, < width.', 166 'Carpometacarpus, proximal end, facies dorsalis, ligament attachments on trochlea carpalis' / 'with a single distinct scar proximally for the insertion of lig. ulnocarpo-metacarpale dorsale (external ligamental) (e.g. Anseranas)' 'with a distinct scar for the external ligament and a second scar for the external scapholunar ligament (Woolfenden 1961: 25) located more distally.', 167 'Carpometacarpus, proximal end, facies dorsalis, ligament attachment on trochlea carpalis for the insertion of lig. ulnocarpo-metacarpale dorsale (external ligamental), location relative to proximal margin of processus extensorius' / 'primarily lies more proximal, e.g. Anseranas' 'more distal, e.g. Gallus.', 168 'Carpometacarpus, proximal end, dorsal view, M. extensor metacarpi ulnaris or flexor attachment (sensu Howard 1929)' / 'two distinct rugosities, one adjacent to fornix os metacarpale minus et majus (metacarpal II and III), the other more proximad (e.g. Anseranas, Biziura)' 'one rugosity, approximately adjacent to fornix metacarpals II and III' 'one rugosity, distal to fornix.', 169 'Carpometacarpus, proximal end, dorsal view, distinct processus intermetacarpalis for M. extensor metacarpi ulnaris' / absent 'present, e.g. Gallus.', 170 'Carpometacarpus, proximal end, ventral view, insertion for lig. ulnocarpo-metacarpale ventralis' / not_prominent a_prominent_tubercle., 171 'Carpometacarpus, distal end, synostosis metacarpals II and III, maximum length, measured from distal end of spatium intermetacarpale to facies artic. digitalis minoris (facet for digit III)' / 'short, length less than width measured just distad of spatium intermetacarpale (e.g. Anseranas, Malacorhynchus)' 'long, length ? width of synostosis, e.g. Dendrocygna.', 172 'Carpometacarpus, distal end, facies artic. digitalis minoris et major (facets for digits II and III)' / 'facet for digit III extends farther distad than that for digit II, e.g. Gallus' facets_for_digits_III_and_II_of_equal_distal_extent 'facet for digit III ends proximad to facet for digit II, e.g. Cereopsis.', 173 'Pelvis, relative length preacetabular region of synsacrum' / 'long, preacetabular length > 40% synsacral length' 'short, preacetabular length < 40% synsacral length.', 174 'Pelvis, corpus of the first synsacro-thoracic vertebra' / about_equally_compressed_mediolaterally_as_corpi_of_the_following_vertebra considerably_more_compressed_than_following_vertebra., 175 'Pelvis, ilia synostosed to synsacrum in adults' / 'not or only weakly fused, and then only anteriorly' 'yes, extensively fused.', 176 'Pelvis, distinct fenestrae intertransversariae caudad of acetabulum' / absent 'fenestrae only in distal half of length, e.g. Cereopsis' fenestrae_present_over_whole_length_caudal_to_acetabulum., 177 Pelvis_canalis_iliosynsacralis / 'absent, ilia entirely fused with processus spinosus of synsacral vertebrae and each other dorsally' 'partial fusion of ilia leaving small, narrow paired openings directed caudally' large_paired_openings_caudally., 178 'Pelvis, lateral facies corpus ischia, with pneumatic foramen below the antitrochanter at junction of ischium and acetabulum' / no 'yes, e.g. Cereopsis.', 179 'Pelvis, antitrochanter' / 'with pneumatic openings medially to fossa renalis, or posteriorly into foramen ilioischiadicum' none., 180 'Pelvis, recessus caudalis fossae (=recessus iliacus)' / 'deep, e.g. Gallus' shallow_and_pneumatic absent., 181 'Pelvis, spatium ischiopubicum' / 'dorsoventrally broad, pubis only approaching ischium immediately caudal of foramen obturatum and at processus terminalis ischii' 'narrow, pubis often partly fused to ischium.', 182 'Pelvis, foramen ilioischiadicum' / 'very short, much <1/2 length ischium from foramen acetabulum' 'approximately 1/2 length ischium from foramen acetabuli' 'long, >1/2 length ischium from foramen acetabuli.', 183 'Pelvis, foramen ilioischiadicum caudally closed' / no yes., 184 'Pelvis, tuberculum preacetabulare' / 'prominent, creates notch between it and ilium, e.g. Gallus' 'absent or small, with no notch above it.', 185 'Pelvis, pubis' / dorsally_concave_over_length straight_or_flat., 186 'Pelvis, pubis, section distad of articulation with distal ischium with flattened caudal expansion, typically rounded in lateral view and with diameter significantly greater than area immediately craniad of it' / pubis_lacks_such_caudal_expansion 'expansion present, e.g. Cygnus.', 187 'Femur, constriction of collum femoris in caudal view' / not_or_slight 'constricted, neck narrower than ball.', 188 'Femur, proximal end, facies articularis antitrochanterica, lateromedial plane' / 'surface concave (e.g. Anseranas)' surface_convex., 189 'Femur, presence of a distinct fossa trochanteris' / yes no., 190 'Femur, proximal end, crista trochanteris and adjacent cranial facies' / cranial_facies_adjacent_to_crista_flat_or_shallowly_concave 'cranial facies deeply concave (e.g. Anseranas).', 191 'Femur, proximal end, cranial facies, crista trochanteris, penetrated by pneumatic foramina' / no yes., 192 'Femur, cranial facies, pneumatic foramina/fossa adjacent to facies articularis antitrochanterica at base of collum femoris in adults' / no yes., 193 'Femur, caudal facies, pneumatic openings adjacent to facies articularis antitrochanterica' / absent_or_small present_and_large., 194 'Femur, proximal end, caudal facies, impressiones obturatoriae' / a_single_large_scar_close_to_the_facies_articularis_antitrochanterica_extending_from_lateral_onto_caudal_facies 'two rugose impressions, the smaller one close to the facies articularis antitrochanterica and a larger one more distally and separated from the former by a sulcus as broad as the impression.', 195 'Femur, proximomedial part caudal facies, scar for insertion of M. puboischiofemoralis pars medialis' / either_absent_or_a_weak_crest 'a strongly developed, elevated, rugose crest, round or elongate.', 196 'Femur, proximal end, cranial view, linea intermuscularis cranialis (cranial intermuscular line) in proximal half' / line_merges_with_distal_end_of_cristra_trochantris line_passes_distal_end_of_cristra_trochantris_and_is_discrete_and_parallel_to_crista_on_pretrochanteric_surface., 197 'Femur, proximal end, cranial facies, trochanter' / 'elongate, extends distally past the level of the caput femoralis a distance exceeding the proximodistal width of the caput femoralis' 'short, terminates distally at a point only slightly distad of the caput.', 198 'Femur, proximal end, cranial facies, impression of m. iliofemoralis internus' / not_or_weakly_marked 'well-marked rugosity.', 199 'Femur, corpus femoris in caudal view, relative length, lateral and medial margins and least width' / 'shaft short, least width at or proximal of mid length, margins not parallel' 'elongate, least width at mid length, margins parallel for about middle third of length.', 200 'Femur, dorsoventral curvature of shaft, lateral view' / straight_or_slight moderate_curvature_of_distal_third strong_curvature., 201 'Femur, profile of medial facies in caudal aspect' / relatively_straight_or_slight_curvature markedly_concave., 202 'Femur, proximal end, lateral facies, insertion area of m. iliotrochantericus caudalis' / located_at_mid_depth 'in dorsal half of depth, but separated from dorsal margin' on_dorsal_margin., 203 'Femur, caudal facies, presence of tuberosity in area of convergence of crista supracondylaris medialis and linea intermuscularis caudalis, usually distal to mid-length, not insertion of M. caudofemoralis more proximally' / 'none or small, not distinguished from crista, included here taxa where lateral and medial crista do not converge' 'yes, a distinct tuberosity, may be complex.', 204 'Femur, caudal facies, distal half, location of tuberosity or most prominent part crista medialis' / centred_on_shaft on_medial_margin_of_shaft_e.g._Genyornis 'on lateral margin of shaft, e.g. Paracathartes howardae.', 205 'Femur, distal end, cranial aspect, orientation of condylus lateralis' / 'not divergent, or only slightly divergent, from axis' markedly_divergent., 206 'Femur, proximal end, lateral facies, area for the insertion of the m. obturatorius lateralis (=m. obturatorius medialis in Zinoviev 2013) proximally and insertion area of the m. ischiofemoralis more distally' / widely_separated_with_gap_wider_than_length_of_insertion_of_the_m._obturatorius_lateralis adjacent_or_narrowly_separated_with_gap_less_than_length_of_insertion_of_the_m., 207 'Femur, distal end, tuber. m. gastrocnemialis lateralis, form' / 'round scar, close to or abutting trochlea fibularis on caudal facies' 'rounded scar, well separated from trochlea fibularis on caudal facies' 'an elongate scar/ridge with distinct medial bend, or oriented medially, on caudal facies, may extend proximad of patella sulcus, e.g. most anatids' 'elongate rugose scar in deep or shallow fossa, traversing caudal facies from lateral edge of trochlea fibularis to proximal end of crista tibiofibularis, merged with ansa m iliofibularis caudalis' a_rugose_scar_or_shallow_fossa_on_the_lateral_facies_proximocranial_to_the_cond._fibularis., 208 'Femur, distal end, form impressio ansa m. iliofibularis caudalis, usually distal and lateral to tuberculum m. gastrocnemialis lateralis' / 'scar entirely on lateral facies dorsal to trochlea fibularis, e.g. megapodes' 'scar on lateral facies but also wraps around the caudolateral margin at the proximal side of the trochlea fibularis, e.g. Porphyrio' scar_on_caudal_facies_above_trochlea_fibularis_and_merged_with_tuberculum_m., 209 'Femur, caudal aspect, trochlea fibularis with distinct depression immediately proximal of the articular surface' / not_so yes., 210 'Femur, distal extent in caudal view of condylus medialis' / 'approximately equal to that of condylus lateralis, e.g. Anseranas' distinctly_less_than_that_of_external_condyle., 211 'Femur, cond. medialis, proportion of maximum distal width' / approximately_half clearly_greater_than_half., 212 'Femur, cond. medialis, profile in medial aspect' / 'evenly rounded, e.g. Alectura' subangular_between_articular_surface_of_condyle_and_its_cranial_surface 'dorsoventrally much deeper than long, so proximodistally flattened.', 213 'Femur, distal end, width sulcus patellaris in cranial view, taken at half the depth of the bounding condyles' / 'broad and flat, wider than condylus lateralis' 'narrow and deep, less than width condylus lateralis plus trochlea fibularis.', 214 'Femur, the notch, or fovea tendineus m. tibialis, on the distal end of cond. lateralis, in distal view' / notch_present notch_absent., 215 'Femur, distal end, fossa poplitea' / 'shallow, less than half depth medial condyle' deep., 216 'Femur, distal end, fossa poplitea, pneumatic' / no 'yes, large pneumatic foramina are present.', 217 'Femur, crista supracondylaris medialis, distinct from its proximal continuation as linea intermuscularis ventralis along the shaft, length' / 'long, greater than width of condylus medialis' 'short, less than width condylus medialis' crista_supracondylaris_medialis_lacking., 218 'Femur, caudal facies, medial view, internal edge of distal end of shaft' / 'smoothly curving, continuous to condyle, e.g. Leipoa' interrupted_by_caudally_prominent_crista_supracondylaris_medialis 'crista supracondylaris medialis short, and medial profile notched.', 219 'Femur, distal end, caudal view, trochlea fibularis, distal extent' / equal_with_condylus_lateralis 'shorter, merges distally with the lateral side of the condyle proximal to the distal end of the condyle forming a notch.', 220 'Femur, trochlea fibularis, form and orientation of articular surface' / 'directed caudally, roughly parallel to shaft, with lateral margin proximally merging with lateral facies of shaft smoothly cranial to the impressio ansa m. iliofibularis caudalis' 'proximal part rotated cranially and facet directed proximally at low angle to shaft, and forms a prominence markedly offset from the lateral facies.', 221 'Femur, extent impressio ligamenti cruciati cranialis' / well_marked_and_excavated_into_caudodistal_facies_of_cond._lateralis poorly_defined_and_not_extending_onto_cond., 222 'Tibiotarsus, proximal end, proximal projection of crista cnemialis cranialis' / equal_with_or_extending_slightly_proximal_of_crista_patellaris extending_well_proximal_of_crista_patellaris., 223 'Tibiotarsus, proximal end, impressio lig. collateralis medialis' / 'low, not prominent (e.g. Anseranas)' 'prominent on facies (e.g. Gallus)', 224 'Tibiotarsus, proximal end, medial facies in medial view, linea extensoria (intermuscular line) extending from crista cnemialis cranialis, position relative to impressio lig. collateralis medialis' / 'intermuscular line straight from crista cnemialis cranialis to near mid length, separates lateral and cranial facies, is well separated from impressio (e.g. Anseranas, Gallus)' 'proximally the intermuscular line is shifted caudally to be narrowly separated from/abuts impressio, so that cranial facies is visible in medial view and anterior facies between ligament attachment and fibular crest is markedly convex.', 225 'Tibiotarsus, proximal end, alignment base of crista cnemialis cranialis' / aligned_with_axis_of_shaft deflected_laterally_from_axis., 226 'Tibiotarsus, crista cnemialis cranialis, proximal tip' / rolled_or_bent_laterally_relative_to_rest_of_crista straight., 227 'Tibiotarsus, proximal end, lateromedial constriction between cnemial crests and articular facets, breadth of crista patellaris' / 'not constricted, crista patellaris broad' 'somewhat constricted, crista patellaris short' 'markedly constricted, crista patellaris indistinct.', 228 'Tibiotarsus, cranial aspect, angle formed by the lateral and ventral margins of the crista cnemialis lateralis' / 'angle >100° ie widely obtuse' 'angle <100° and approximately right angle, e.g. Gallus' 'angle < 60 degrees and clearly acute.', 229 'Tibiotarsus, crista cnemialis cranialis (as distinct from the intermuscular line that may continue from its end), distal extent and location on shaft' / crista_extends_distal_to_the_proximal_end_of_the_crista_fibularis 'crista ends level with or just proximal to the proximal end of the crista fibularis, e.g. Gallus, Anseranas' crista_is_well_separated_proximally_from_crista_fibularis., 230 'Tibiotarsus, length of crista fibularis' / 'less than <20% of tibiotarsus length' '20-25% of tibiotarsus length' '> 25% of tibiotarsus length.', 231 'Tibiotarsus, distal end, epicondylus medialis with internal ligamental prominence' / 'pronounced, visible in anterior view (e.g. Cereopsis)' 'present, not pronounced, occluded by rim of condylus medialis in anterior view (e.g. Gallus)' absent., 232 'Tibiotarsus, epicondylus medialis, form' / rounded_prominence_with_no_sharp_margins 'enlarged and plate-like, bounded distally by deep depressio epicondylaris medialis', 233 'Tibiotarsus, cond. medialis, presence of ligamental pit cranially on the external facies' / none_or_shallow 'yes and deep, e.g. Dromaius.', 234 'Tibiotarsus, lateral view, cranial side cond. lateralis' / merges_with_the_shaft_smoothly_in_a_wide_angle 'abruptly joins shaft, may form notch.', 235 'Tibiotarsus, distal view, cranial projection of condyles' / condylus_medialis_projects_markedly_relative_to_condylus_lateralis 'medial condyle has roughly similar projection to lateral one, i.e. = or <10% taller.', 236 'Tibiotarsus, conspicuous scar for lig. collaterale medialis proximocaudal to epicondylus medialis' / absent present_short present_and_elongate., 237 'Tibiotarsus, distal end, junction of crista trochlea cartilaginous tibialis and rim of condylus medialis marked by distinct shallow notch, usually at mid-depth' / 'no (e.g. Anseranas)' 'yes (e.g. Gallus, Alectura).', 238 'Tibiotarsus, cranial view, form junction of medial shaft facies and cond. medialis' / shaft_with_medial_profile_straight_or_concave_immediately_proximal_to_cond._medialis 'shaft medially convex just proximal to the condylus, due to a flange like projection, e.g. Leipoa, emu.', 239 'Tibiotarsus, distal end, area intercondylaris, presence of impressio ligamenti intercondylaris (= impressio for lig. anticum)' / 'absent, e.g. Dromaius, Genyornis' 'present of variable size, e.g. Gallus, Anseranas. This ligament is absent in moas.', 240 'Tibiotarsus, distal end, area intercondylaris, lateral to the pons supratendineus, impressio ligamentum meniscotibiale, = lig. meniscotibiale intertarsi of Zinoviev (2013), not impressio ligamenti intercondylaris, contra Worthy and Scofield (2012)' / forms_prominent_facet_proximal_to_fossa_intercondylaris 'distinct low facet abutting fossa intercondylaris, e.g. Dromaius, Gallus' insertion_does_not_form_facet_or_is_indistinct., 241 'Tibiotarsus, distal end, area intercondylaris, breadth impressio ligamenti intercondylaris (for lig. tibiometatarsale intercondylare)' / 'confined between condyles, either essentially centrally located e.g. Gallus or slightly offset medially' extends_medially_by_excavation_caudal_to_the_cond., 242 'Tibiotarsus, pons supratendineus' / present absent., 243 'Tibiotarsus, distal end, distal opening of canalis extensorius opens towards impressio ligamenti intercondylaris between condylus lateralis and condylus medialis' / 'no, directed towards and broadly overlaps in lateromedial plane with condylus medialis (e.g. ratites)' 'no, partly overlaps in lateromedial plane with condylus medialis (e.g. galliforms)' 'yes, no overlap in lateromedial plane with condylus medialis.', 244 'Tibiotarsus, medial displacement of cond. medialis relative to facies medialis of shaft' / slight pronounced., 245 'Tibiotarsus, distal end, width incisura intercondylaris' / broad 'narrow, width subequal to canalis extensorius, e.g. Gallus' 'incisura absent, e.g. Dromaius.', 246 'Tibiotarsus, distal end, sulcus m. fibularis (groove for peroneus profundus)' / faces_cranially 'faces laterally, e.g. galliforms.', 247 'Tibiotarsus, distal end, lateral insertion of the transverse ligament (= retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi) adjacent to pons supratendineus/canalis extensorius' / 'yes, e.g. Leipoa' 'no, located more laterad, and aligned more transversely e.g. Dromaius.', 248 'Tibiotarsus, distal end, distal opening of canalis extensorius, plane of long axis' / 'aligned across shaft, e.g. anseriforms' 'aligned transversely, e.g. Leiopoa, Gallus.', 249 'Tarsometatarsus, relative length' / less_than_95%_femur_length 'approximately equal to femur (~ ±5%)' more_than_105%_femur_length., 250 'Tarsometatarsus, cotyla medialis dorsoplantarly elongated, protruding dorsal to cotyla lateralis' / no yes., 251 'Tarsometatarsus, facies dorsalis and cotyla medialis' / dorsal_margin_is_a_crest_that_separates_the_cotyla_from_the_dorsal_facies 'dorsally the cotyla laps onto the dorsal facies, forming a facet that articulates with an opposing facet on the tibiotarsus when the bird is sitting, with a distinct groove between this facet and the eminentia intercotylaris.', 252 'Tarsometatarsus, distinct flange-like processus on plantarmedial edge of cotyla medialis' / no yes., 253 'Tarsometatarsus, proximal end, plantarolateral side of cotyla medialis' / rim_elevated_proximally no_proximal_elevation_of_rim_at_this_point., 254 'Tarsometatarsus, eminentia intercotylaris, proximal view, relative to adjacent cotylae is prominent dorsally' / 'yes (Anseranas)' 'no (Alectura).', 255 'Tarsometatarsus, eminentia intercotylaris, lateral view, relative to adjacent area intercotylaris is prominent proximally' / 'yes (Anseranas)' 'no (megapodes).', 256 'Tarsometatarsus, proximal end, crista medialis hypotarsi, or deepest one, caudal extent in proximal view' / 'depth of medial side of crista ? depth of cotyla medialis (e.g. Anseranas)' 'depth noticeably < depth of cotyla medialis.', 257 'Tarsometatarsus, proximal end, hypotarsus, width adjacent to cotylae' / distinctly_less_than_½_proximal_width approximately_½_of_proximal_width distinctly_more_than_½_proximal_width., 258 'Tarsometatarsus, hypotarsus, major hypotarsal ridge, distal end' / markedly_hooked_caudodistally_forming_notch 'ridge terminates abruptly, drops steeply to shaft' ridge_terminates_by_gradually_lowering_to_shaft., 259 'Tarsometatarsus, hypotarsus, number of hypotarsal ridges' / 'four (Anseranas and anhimids have two vestigial inner ridges)' 'three ridges (galliforms)' two_ridges one_centrally_located_ridge., 260 'Tarsometatarsus, hypotarsus, number of hypotarsal canals' / none 'one canal, for m.', 261 'Tarsometatarsus, proximal end, fossa parahypotarsalis medialis' / 'very large deep and broad, >1/2 width at distal end of hypotarsus (e.g. Leipoa)' 'deep but narrow, <1/2 width at distal end hypotarsus, (e.g. Anseranas)' 'shallow, surface from medial calcaneal ridge to anterior margin of medial shaft concave (e.g. Cereopsis)' 'absent, surface from medial calcaneal ridge to anterior margin of medial facies shaft flat or convex.', 262 'Tarsometatarsus, corpus tarsometatarsi, sulcus extensorius' / 'absent e.g. Alectura, Leipoa' 'shallow and broad proximally, flattens out distally, e.g. Gallus, Cereopsis' 'deep, well defined at mid-length, extending into distal half.', 263 'Tarsometatarsus, tuberositas M. tibialis cranialis' / a_single_tuberosity_distal_to_medial_foramen_which_may_have_indications_of_the_more_lateral_tendon_as_a_very_much_smaller_scar_on_its_edge two_distinct_tuberosities 'two distinct tuberosities fused as one in the base of the extensor sulcus, with foramen passing through it, e.g. Dromornis.', 264 'Tarsometatarsus, tuberositas M. tibialis cranialis' / confined_within_extensor_sulcus dorsally_prominent., 265 'Tarsometatarsus, foramina vascularis proximalis' / 'medial and lateral foramina of roughly equal size, e.g. Anseranas, Anhima' 'medial foramen considerably larger than lateral one (e.g. Alectura, Leipoa)' a_single_fossa_with_foramina_in_it., 266 'Tarsometatarsus, impressiones retinaculi extensorii' / form_two_short_crests_proximal_to_the_foramina_vascularis_proximalis two_elongated_crests_with_impressio_retinaculum_extensorii_medialis_extending_distally_on_the_shaft_distad_of_the_medial_foramen_vascularis_proximalis., 267 'Tarsometatarsus, corpus tarsometatarsi, dorsal view' / 'shaft long, sides essentially parallel over middle third of length' 'shaft relatively shorter for bone width, narrowest in distal third of length and widen proximally.', 268 'Tarsometatarsus, plantar facies, development of crista plantares medialis et lateralis' / little_or_no_development well_developed_especially_laterally., 269 'Tarsometatarsus, shaft, width at mid-length' / wider_than_deep width_approximately_equals_depth depth_exceeds_width., 270 'Tarsometatarsus, dorsal facies, distal shaft' / convex_dorsally 'flat or concave, e.g. Gallus.', 271 'Tarsometatarsus, fossa metatarsi I' / 'present, well-marked' absent_or_obsolete., 272 'Tarsometatarsus, fossa metatarsi I, metatarsal articular facet' / absent 'present, does not protrude mesad of shaft' 'present, large and protrudes mesad of shaft.', 273 'Tarsometatarsus, dorsal view, trochlea metatarsi II, distal extent' / 'equal or greater than trochlea metatarsi IV (e.g. Leipoa)' 'proximal to trochlea metatarsi IV, but overlaps incisura intertrochlearis lateralis (e.g. Anseranas, Cereopsis)' 'proximal to incisura intertrochlearis lateralis (e.g. Anser, most anatids).', 274 'Tarsometatarsus, distal end, trochlea metatarsi II, central groove dorsally and distally' / 'groove absent (e.g. Anseranas)' 'groove present, so distal margin notched.', 275 'Tarsometatarsus, anterior end of canalis interosseus distalis' / 'roofed over entirely in bone, not visible in dorsal view (e.g. Anseranas)' largely_or_completely_exposed_dorsally_by_reduction_in_bony_covering., 276 'Tarsometatarsus, distal end, trochlea metatarsi II outer rim' / 'expanded medially and/or caudally as a flange (e.g. Anseranas, Leipoa)' 'flattened medial facies, lacking flange.', 277 'Tarsometatarsus, distal end, plantar opening of foramen vasculare distale' / opens_flush_onto_plantar_surface 'directed distoplantarly, so partially recessed into incisura intertrochlearis lateralis.', 278 'Tarsometatarsus, trochlea metatarsi II, dorsal view, point of maximum medial projection exclusive of plantar flange' / distal_to_maximum_proximal_extent_of_incisura_intertrochlearis_medialis level_with_maximum_proximal_extent_of_incisura proximal_to_incisura., 279 'Tarsometatarsus, foramen vasculare distale' / large small_and_distinct tiny_and_indistinct absent., 280 'Pes, number of digits' / four_digits 'three digits, II, III and IV' 'two digits (III & IV).', 281 'Ossa digiti IV, intermediate phalanges gradually shorten towards phalanx ungualis, so that phalanx just proximal to the latter is either wider than long or nearly square in shape' / no yes., 282 'Digitus IV pedis, number of phalanges' / five four., 283 'Ungual phalanges, digit 3, width and depth at midlength' / 'depth > width' 'depth approximately = to depth (+-5%)' 'depth < width.', 284 Incubation_type / 'Endothermic, body heat used to incubate eggs' 'ectothermic, environmental heat used to incubate eggs.', 285 'Webbing between toes (tela interdigitalis), excluding hallux' / lacking rudimentary semipalmate palmate. ; MATRIX Anhima_cornuta 2000111000011010021101010001100101011111100101011110100010110003000102200100100001000210100001101100000000100110111-1000000000?00020-00100000011000110111101200100-01100011000110011001100000010001100100101001001011101000010100001101001101012102100002001100112002210010100000001010000001 Anseranas_semipalmata 0110121100011?1010110100100221021101111110221101101010000001011310011201011111001100001000000110020000001100011100001000000000000000-00000000011000000111001010110100000000001110011011100001100000000100100001000011100000001000001101000010011102100002000000000011110000100011000020000002 Dendrocygna_eytoni 211112111002021010110100100221021101111110221101111010001001011310011101001011111000011110002100110000111201011001011101010000100000-00010110011000000110001120200100000001101111012011000111000000000100100001011011001000011100001101000000012102100002001000021013110010111101001120000003 Cereopsis_novaehollandiae 211112111012211110110100000220021101111110021101110110001011011311011200001010111100021000001102110011011001011011001000000000100000-00000110011100000111011020101200101001200110102011001011000001001100110102001010000010011110001110010000012102100002000000012012110110111101101110000003 Anser_caerulescens 011112111002101010110101100221021101111110221101111010001001111311011201001010110110101010002102110001011000011011011000010000100000-00001110011000200110011120101101102000200120002021000011000001000100111002001011001010011100000100000001012102100000001000122003110010120102101110000003 Malacorhynchus 021112111102221010111101100221021101111110221101111010001101111310011101001110121000111011002100030010111101011001011110010000111220-00011120011100210110011120210111002001210120012021100111000001000110100002011010000000011110001101000000012102100001000000120003110000111102101120000?03 Tadorna_tadornoides 211112111002111010111100000221021101111110221111111010001101111311011101011010121000121011002100010001011001011001011100010010110110-00011120011100201110011120100110101010201120012021000011000001000100111002001010001010001110001111000001012102100001000000022003110000111102101120000003 Leipoa_ocellata 210010001000111001010101000120110000?010100200001101010111010002001100000101023221102201111120200111100000100002021-0102120121110011002100100100012000000120021010001012000000012111101100110010000010110100000001000000100000101001111000101112001011010001111110110001101100020000021000210 Megapodius_reinwardt 2100100010001010000101010001201100000010101200001101010111010002001100000101023221102201111120200111100000110002021-0102120121110011002100100101012000000120021010001012011000012011001100110010000010110100000001000000100000101001010000101112001011011001111110110001100100020000020000210 Megapodius_eremita 22001000100010100001010100012011000000101012000011010?01110100020?1100000101123221102201110120200111100000110002021-0102120121110011002100100101012000000120121000001012010000012001001100110010000010110100000001001000100000101001000000101112001011011001111110110001100100020000020000210 Alectura_lathami 2200100010001010010101010001201100000010101200001101010111010002001100000101023211102201111120200111100000100002021-0102110121110111002100100101012000000120021010001012010000012111101100110010000010110100000001000000100000101001110000101012001011011000111110110000101100021000020000210 Talegalla_fuscirostris 220010011000101000010100000120110000????100200001101010111010002001100000101023211102201111120210111000000100002021-0202110121110211002100100101012000000120021000001011010000012111001100110000100010110100000001001000100010101001101000101112001011011000111120110001001100020000011000010 Macrocephalon 120010012000101001010100100120110000001010120000110101111101000200?100000101023221102201101120210111000000110012021-0102110121110211002100100100012000000110021010001012010000012101?011?0110000000000100100000101001000100010001001000000101012001011011000111110111110000100021000021000010 Mwalau ??0010?????????????????????????????????????????01101?1011??1?0??????0??????????????????0111120210111000000100?????1-01021201211100010022?????????0200000012002?00???10110000?????????????????0?????0?0100?00?0???????????????011100?10000110?01200101101?001111?1???011000010001??0?0?00????? Gallus_gallus 200010000101121001010101010120110000001010120000110101011111000300210000(0 1)10102(2 3)221102201110120201111101000110002021-110212112111022111210001110101200001012002101000101211000001200010100011000000100011010000101101000011000010100110(1 2)000101011001011010001110110111100001101011000021000000 Coturnix_pectoralis 210010000001111001010101010120110000???0101200001101010111110003002100000101?22221102200110120200311101100100002031-1312121121110011112100100101012001010120021020001012100000022010101000100000001000110100001100000000110000001001101001101012001011010001111110112100001101101000020000000 Acryllium_vulturinum 210010000101001010010101000120110000????101200001101010111110003000100001101123221102201110120200311101100100002021-12021211011001111121000001010120000101200210000010110000000120100010001100000010011101000000010010001000000010011010001010120010110(0 1)1001110110111100000110011000020000000 Megavitiornis_altirostris ?22010?21000?0?0000?0????0012011??00????1????0001101000100(0 1)1000200010?0001?1?2321?01???011012020---1---10-1-0?????--0---1----1--0--1-00100----------010---2002?-000-1---0-01000??01??0?1??1000000000101101001000010101011200000011011110000010120010110100001111101111101011000201000100100?? Ortalis_vetula 2000100000020110010101000101201100000011101200111101010111110003002100000101123021102201111120200111101000110002031-12021201211102211121000001000020010001201210001010121000000120001010101100000010001101000000010110001000000000010110011010120010100110011101101101?0001100020000021000001 Sylviornis_neocaledoniae ?22010022000001000010100100120110001????100210001101?001010100?200?100001101?2??2??????11111202-----------1-0?????1--10--2---1--0----02100----------010---200211001-10110102?0???????211??1000100010101001000000010000001100000011011010000000120020110101001111121111101000000001010220001?? Presbyornis_pervetus 00111?110112?11010110?01??0221??1000????1???1100111011011101110310011?1??????0???1000000110001001300010110000??1?1001000000000101010-00000100011100300111002110210101001011201020??10011000001000011001001011010010110001100010000012000001110111021000020001001200011100100110020010200????3 Dromaius_novaehollandiae 00010000110220100000001001000002000000000-331010001000010100000100100301011100222101102--1--0----------1----1-------------------0----00--------------1--------?-------------10120012020000011000101001100000104001001001101100001111101110120101-101211-2110011102303220010121101101012110200 Dinornis_robustus 22000000100220100000001011000011000000000-3310000010?001?10000000010030100?100222100021--1------------------1-------------------------------------------------?-------------10120012020110001001000011001010113201100111100000001000111011020000-001211021101111122031202-00001001-1-130101?0 Tinamus_robustus 20001000100220000000000001000012000000000-330000000?001111100001001001000000022221100211111001200311100110010010021-1102120121100121211110101101011300010100021000001010010000022002120000100000000010110100011100001000220000001001011000110011000101110001100122003110210100101101011000200 Struthio 00010000010210100000000001000002000000000-331010000020010100000101100300000000221101011--1-------------1-0--1-------------------------------------------------?-------------10101002020000011000101000000000104001021001100000101021021111120001-1-021--211011010230221111012110--0-1-1210200 Dromornis_planei 022110222002?01102110100100120110???????100211002101110010010022010?0?00010??0222101012--1-------------1----1----------------1-------0------------------------?-------------111?00?2021110001000010110001?111?3201100011121011001011102-000100020010210110010101023031201010001010110121112?? Crax_rubra 2100100000020110010101000001201100000011101200011101110111110003000100000(0 1)01123021102201111120200311100000110002021-1202120121110111112100010100002200000120121000101012100000012000101110100000001000100100000001010000110000001001022-00101012001010011001111120110100001100020000021000001 Eulipoa_wallacei 010010002000101000010101000120110000001010120000110101011101000200?100000101?23221102201101120210111000000110112021-0102120121110111002100100101012000000111021020001012010000022000101100110110001000100100000101001000010010101101010000101011001011011001111010111001100100020000021000110 Lithornis_promiscuus 000000000102200?000?0?????00001?000000000033?0100010?0010100010100100?200101100111001220110101030300100100010100021-0000000000100120-0220010102100030100112002?1100010000101000?200212011?1110000000001100000111000010002210000011010110111110111100000-00001111223011200001000010000200????? Chauna_torquata 2000111100011011021101011001101111011111100101011110100000010003000102200010100001001011000021001000000010010110111-1000000000100000-00000(0 1)00011000110111101200200-01000001101100000001100000010001001000101000000111000010001100001101000001012102100002001100012202110010100001001020000001 Lithornis_plebius ??????????????000000?0100000001?????????00331?0000000011010???????????2?010?10?????????0110101030300110101210???0?1-1000000000100120-0211010102100030000112002?2100010100101?00??00??200??1110000000001100000111010010002210000010011110101110111100000-00011111223011200101000010000200????? Paracathartes_howardae 00000?????????000000???000???????????????033?000?000?0110100??????1?????0??0?????????????10101020300100100210???0???1000000000?00120-022101000?100000000111202121010101001????????????????1110000010001100020111010010??2210000010011110001110111100000-10000111222011200101000010000200000?? Phasianus_colchicus 210010000101011001010101000120110000????101200002101000111110003000100001111020221102201110120200111100000100002031-1102121121110021112100111101012001010120121120001012110000112010101000110010001000120100001111000001120000101001111001101011001011010001110110112110011101001000020000000 Burhinus_grallarius 000110000112021001100110001--0120110001111000010100020101100000000000010011101221100120001000100030011110221011102001000000000001110-00200111021001300010020020200201000011100020012001100100000001110100200000001010010111000100002202-00010011101011102000100122103210010111101111021100000 Porphyrio_melanotus 010110010002201001000100001--0020110001111000010110120100100000001000100111101221101121001000100000000010001000003021002020000001000-002111200000000011111201102001000000012001000001010001000000000101200000111100110001100000000021010001000120021000020011000101001100101010111-0010000000 Grus_rubicunda 100110000102101001000100011--002011000111100001011002010010000000000020?101000000100002001000120100000000010000-031-1000000000000000-10200021021000000110101110110110000001100100010101110100000001000100000010010011000110011000002101000001011001100102001100122112210010111102000020000000 Anatalavis_oxfordi ?1111?1?000??010100?0???0?0?21??????????????01?????????????1???30?????1???????22??001??001?00100020110100001011000001000000000?11020-000000000101?????????0112?11010000?01111?1??0??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Vegavis_iaai ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0????0100???????1???10?????001???00????1??????0???000????????????????????????????????1?0????20?????0?1???0???????0????????????????????????????0?????????????????????????12200????????????????????????? ; END; BEGIN PAUP; SET MAXTREES = 10000 ROOT = OUTGROUP OUTROOT = monophyl CRITERION = parsimony tcompress = yes torder = left; OUTGROUP Lithornis_promiscuus Lithornis_plebius Paracathartes_howardae Dromaius_novaehollandiae Dinornis_robustus Struthio Tinamus_robustus / only; LOG start file = Gallo37_285_Backb_ord_log.txt replace = yes; TYPESET * Morphoclines = ord : 1 2 6 7 8 12 -14 18 28 29 32 49 64 70 78 80 81 95 98 106 112 116 122 130 131 140 156 160 161 172 176 177 180 182 200 202 217 227 -231 236 240 243 249 257 260 -263 269 272 273 278 -280 283 285; DELETE Anatalavis_oxfordi; CONSTRAINTS FullBackbone ( backbone ) = ( ( ( ( ( ( Crax_rubra , Ortalis_vetula ) , ( Acryllium_vulturinum , ( Coturnix_pectoralis , ( Gallus_gallus , Phasianus_colchicus ) ) ) ) , ( ( ( Megapodius_eremita , Megapodius_reinwardt ) , Eulipoa_wallacei ) , ( Macrocephalon , ( Talegalla_fuscirostris , ( Leipoa_ocellata , Alectura_lathami ) ) ) ) ) , ( ( Anhima_cornuta , Chauna_torquata ) , ( ( Dendrocygna_eytoni , ( ( Tadorna_tadornoides , Malacorhynchus ) , ( Cereopsis_novaehollandiae , Anser_caerulescens ) ) ) , Anseranas_semipalmata ) ) ) , ( ( Grus_rubicunda , Porphyrio_melanotus ) , Burhinus_grallarius ) ) , ( Struthio , ( Dromaius_novaehollandiae , ( Dinornis_robustus , Tinamus_robustus ) ) ) ); HSEARCH addseq = random nreps = 1000 rstatus = yes nchuck = 2000 chuckscore = 1 enforce = yes constraints = FullBackbone; SAVETREES File = Gallo37_285_Backb_ord_MP.trees brlens = yes replace = yes; PSET opt = DelTran; DESCRIBETREES All / apolist = yes; CONTREE / treefile = Gallo37_285_Backb_ord_MP_con.tree root = outgroup outroot = monophyl replace = yes; LOG stop; END; BEGIN ASSUMPTIONS; TYPESET * UNTITLED = unord: 1 - 285; END; BEGIN MESQUITECHARMODELS; ProbModelSet * UNTITLED = 'Mk1 (est.)': 1 - 285; END; BEGIN TREES[!'Parameters: ']; Title figs; ID 0160e46508aa38; LINK Taxa = Taxa; TRANSLATE [0] 1 Anhima_cornuta, [1] 2 Anseranas_semipalmata, [2] 3 Dendrocygna_eytoni, [3] 4 Cereopsis_novaehollandiae, [4] 5 Anser_caerulescens, [5] 6 Malacorhynchus, [6] 7 Tadorna_tadornoides, [7] 8 Leipoa_ocellata, [8] 9 Megapodius_reinwardt, [9] 10 Megapodius_eremita, [10] 11 Alectura_lathami, [11] 12 Talegalla_fuscirostris, [12] 13 Macrocephalon, [13] 14 Mwalau, [14] 15 Gallus_gallus, [15] 16 Coturnix_pectoralis, [16] 17 Acryllium_vulturinum, [17] 18 Megavitiornis_altirostris, [18] 19 Ortalis_vetula, [19] 20 Sylviornis_neocaledoniae, [20] 21 Presbyornis_pervetus, [21] 22 Dromaius_novaehollandiae, [22] 23 Dinornis_robustus, [23] 24 Tinamus_robustus, [24] 25 Struthio, [25] 26 Dromornis_planei, [26] 27 Crax_rubra, [27] 28 Eulipoa_wallacei, [28] 29 Lithornis_promiscuus, [29] 30 Chauna_torquata, [30] 31 Lithornis_plebius, [31] 32 Paracathartes_howardae, [32] 33 Phasianus_colchicus, [33] 34 Burhinus_grallarius, [34] 35 Porphyrio_melanotus, [35] 36 Grus_rubicunda, [36] 37 Anatalavis_oxfordi, [37] 38 Vegavis_iaai; TREE Fig._13 = ((25,(22,(23,(24,(29,(31,32)))))),((34,(36,35)),(((1,30),(38,(2,21),(3,((6,7),(5,4))))),(26,(18,20,(14,(((19,27),(17,(16,(15,33)))),((28,(10,9)),(13,(12,(8,11))))))))))); END; Begin MESQUITE; MESQUITESCRIPTVERSION 2; TITLE AUTO; tell ProjectCoordinator; timeSaved 1515664313118; getEmployee #mesquite.minimal.ManageTaxa.ManageTaxa; tell It; setID 0 7655579279245188783; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.charMatrices.ManageCharacters.ManageCharacters; tell It; setID 0 4553037138112047021; mqVersion 330; checksumv 0 3 336789777 null getNumChars 285 numChars 285 getNumTaxa 38 numTaxa 38 short true bits 31 states 31 sumSquaresStatesOnly 37713.0 sumSquares 37713.0 longCompressibleToShort false usingShortMatrix true NumFiles 1 NumMatrices 1 errorReportedDuringRun; mqVersion; endTell; getWindow; tell It; suppress; setResourcesState false false 213; setPopoutState 300; setExplanationSize 0; setAnnotationSize 0; setFontIncAnnot 0; setFontIncExp 0; setSize 1239 721; setLocation 121 23; setFont SanSerif; setFontSize 10; getToolPalette; tell It; endTell; desuppress; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.trees.BasicTreeWindowCoord.BasicTreeWindowCoord; tell It; makeTreeWindow #7655579279245188783 #mesquite.trees.BasicTreeWindowMaker.BasicTreeWindowMaker; tell It; suppressEPCResponse; setTreeSource #mesquite.trees.StoredTrees.StoredTrees; tell It; setTreeBlock 1; setTreeBlockID 0160e46508aa38; toggleUseWeights off; endTell; setAssignedID 3344.1515661077019.1716945096093790019; getTreeWindow; tell It; setExplanationSize 30; setAnnotationSize 20; setFontIncAnnot 0; setFontIncExp 0; setSize 1026 649; setLocation 121 23; setFont SanSerif; setFontSize 10; getToolPalette; tell It; endTell; setActive; getTreeDrawCoordinator #mesquite.trees.BasicTreeDrawCoordinator.BasicTreeDrawCoordinator; tell It; suppress; setTreeDrawer #mesquite.trees.SquareLineTree.SquareLineTree; tell It; setNodeLocs #mesquite.trees.NodeLocsStandard.NodeLocsStandard; tell It; branchLengthsToggle off; toggleScale on; toggleBroadScale off; toggleCenter on; toggleEven on; setFixedTaxonDistance 0; endTell; setEdgeWidth 8; showEdgeLines on; orientUp; endTell; setBackground White; setBranchColor Black; showNodeNumbers off; showBranchColors on; labelBranchLengths off; centerBrLenLabels on; showBrLensUnspecified on; showBrLenLabelsOnTerminals on; setBrLenLabelColor 0 0 255; setNumBrLenDecimals 6; desuppress; getEmployee #mesquite.trees.BasicDrawTaxonNames.BasicDrawTaxonNames; tell It; setColor Black; toggleColorPartition off; toggleColorAssigned on; toggleShadePartition off; toggleShowFootnotes on; toggleNodeLabels on; toggleCenterNodeNames off; toggleShowNames on; namesAngle ?; endTell; endTell; setTreeNumber 1; setDrawingSizeMode 0; toggleLegendFloat on; scale 0; toggleTextOnTree off; togglePrintName on; showWindow; newAssistant #mesquite.ancstates.TraceCharacterHistory.TraceCharacterHistory; tell It; suspend ; setDisplayMode #mesquite.ancstates.ShadeStatesOnTree.ShadeStatesOnTree; tell It; toggleLabels off; togglePredictions off; toggleGray on; endTell; setHistorySource #mesquite.ancstates.RecAncestralStates.RecAncestralStates; tell It; getCharacterSource #mesquite.charMatrices.CharSrcCoordObed.CharSrcCoordObed; tell It; setCharacterSource #mesquite.charMatrices.StoredCharacters.StoredCharacters; tell It; setDataSet #4553037138112047021; endTell; endTell; setMethod #mesquite.parsimony.ParsAncestralStates.ParsAncestralStates; tell It; setModelSource #mesquite.parsimony.CurrentParsModels.CurrentParsModels; toggleMPRsMode off; endTell; toggleShowSelectedOnly off; endTell; setCharacter 1; setMapping 1; toggleShowLegend on; setColorMode 0; toggleWeights on; setInitialOffsetX 628; setInitialOffsetY -209; setLegendWidth 300; setLegendHeight 194; resume ; endTell; endTell; desuppressEPCResponse; getEmployee #mesquite.trees.ColorBranches.ColorBranches; tell It; setColor Red; removeColor off; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.ornamental.BranchNotes.BranchNotes; tell It; setAlwaysOn off; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.ornamental.ColorTreeByPartition.ColorTreeByPartition; tell It; colorByPartition off; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.ornamental.DrawTreeAssocDoubles.DrawTreeAssocDoubles; tell It; setOn on; toggleShow consensusFrequency; toggleShow posteriorProbability; toggleShow bootstrapFrequency; toggleShow consensusFrequency; toggleShow posteriorProbability; toggleShow bootstrapFrequency; setDigits 4; setThreshold ?; writeAsPercentage off; toggleCentred off; toggleHorizontal on; toggleWhiteEdges on; toggleShowOnTerminals on; setFontSize 10; setOffset 0 0; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.ornamental.DrawTreeAssocStrings.DrawTreeAssocStrings; tell It; setOn on; toggleCentred on; toggleHorizontal on; setFontSize 10; setOffset 0 0; toggleShowOnTerminals on; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.trees.TreeInfoValues.TreeInfoValues; tell It; panelOpen false; endTell; endTell; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.charMatrices.BasicDataWindowCoord.BasicDataWindowCoord; tell It; showDataWindow #4553037138112047021 #mesquite.charMatrices.BasicDataWindowMaker.BasicDataWindowMaker; tell It; getWindow; tell It; setExplanationSize 30; setAnnotationSize 20; setFontIncAnnot 0; setFontIncExp 0; setSize 1026 649; setLocation 121 23; setFont SanSerif; setFontSize 10; getToolPalette; tell It; setTool mesquite.charMatrices.BasicDataWindowMaker.BasicDataWindow.ibeam; endTell; setTool mesquite.charMatrices.BasicDataWindowMaker.BasicDataWindow.ibeam; colorCells #mesquite.charMatrices.NoColor.NoColor; colorRowNames #mesquite.charMatrices.TaxonGroupColor.TaxonGroupColor; colorColumnNames #mesquite.charMatrices.CharGroupColor.CharGroupColor; colorText #mesquite.charMatrices.NoColor.NoColor; setBackground White; toggleShowNames on; toggleShowTaxonNames on; toggleTight off; toggleThinRows off; toggleShowChanges on; toggleSeparateLines off; toggleShowStates on; toggleAutoWCharNames on; toggleAutoTaxonNames off; toggleShowDefaultCharNames off; toggleConstrainCW on; toggleBirdsEye off; toggleShowPaleGrid off; toggleShowPaleCellColors off; toggleShowPaleExcluded off; togglePaleInapplicable on; toggleShowBoldCellText off; toggleAllowAutosize on; toggleColorsPanel off; toggleDiagonal on; setDiagonalHeight 80; toggleLinkedScrolling on; toggleScrollLinkedTables off; endTell; getWindow; tell It; forceAutosize; endTell; hideWindow; getEmployee #mesquite.charMatrices.AlterData.AlterData; tell It; toggleBySubmenus off; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.charMatrices.ColorByState.ColorByState; tell It; setStateLimit 9; toggleUniformMaximum on; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.charMatrices.ColorCells.ColorCells; tell It; setColor Red; removeColor off; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.categ.StateNamesStrip.StateNamesStrip; tell It; showStrip off; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.charMatrices.AnnotPanel.AnnotPanel; tell It; togglePanel off; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.charMatrices.CharReferenceStrip.CharReferenceStrip; tell It; showStrip off; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.charMatrices.QuickKeySelector.QuickKeySelector; tell It; autotabOff; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.charMatrices.SelSummaryStrip.SelSummaryStrip; tell It; showStrip off; endTell; getEmployee #mesquite.categ.SmallStateNamesEditor.SmallStateNamesEditor; tell It; panelOpen true; endTell; endTell; endTell; endTell; end;