#NEXUS [!This data set was downloaded from TreeBASE, a relational database of phylogenetic knowledge. TreeBASE has been supported by the NSF, Harvard University, Yale University, SDSC and UC Davis. Please do not remove this acknowledgment from the Nexus file. Generated on January 11, 2026; 20:05 GMT TreeBASE (cc) 1994-2008 Study reference: Hu D., Xu X., Hou L., & Sullivan C. 2012. A new enantiornithine bird from the Lower Cretaceous of Western Liaoning, China, and its implications for early avian evolution. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 32(3): 639-645. TreeBASE Study URI: http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S12997] [ The following blocks are input data for analysis step 9645 ] BEGIN TAXA; TITLE TaxaForAnalysisStep9645; DIMENSIONS NTAX=30; TAXLABELS Anas_platyrhynchos Apsaravis Archaeopteryx Archaeorynchus Baptornis Cathayornis Chauna_torquata Concornis Confuciusornis Crax_pauxi Crypturellus_undulatus Dromaeosauridae Gallus_gallus Gobipteryx Hesperornis Hongshanornis Iaceornis_ Ichthyornis Jeholornis Lithornis Neuquenornis Patagopteryx Pengornis Protopteryx Sapeornis Songlingornis Vorona Xiangornis Yanornis Yixianornis ; END; BEGIN CHARACTERS; [! TreeBASE Matrix URI: http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/matrix/TB2:M13641] TITLE Character_Matrix; LINK TAXA = TaxaForAnalysisStep9645; DIMENSIONS NCHAR=205; FORMAT DATATYPE=Standard SYMBOLS= "0 1 2 3 4 5 6" MISSING=? GAP= -; MATRIX [ 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 ] [ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ] Anas_platyrhynchos 21111?10211211111110112211021112111111101100011110112121010106211011121311113120110??1011010?1{01}1111111000011100110001211100001011101111111123114011010121021?0111111101111110111011210211002113112{23}2221000102 Apsaravis ????1?10?????????????????????????0?1{01}?????1?0???????2?20010??4010011???31??1?????????1001000?0?10001111011111{01}01011010001111100001011021110?{23}11201100?12??2010111{01}0010111111?1110??2?101211211311111?201000?1 Archaeopteryx 0000010?000000000??000110??00?0??000?00???000???00100000000000000000?00????????0000000?00000?0000000000000000?0010000?000??000?00001000000??0000000?00000000010000000?00000?000000000?00?0?{01}1010000000?1{01}{01}??? Archaeorynchus 1?????000{01}000?????????????????????????????0?0???01?0?1?00010?{123}0???????031??1{12}0{12}01000010?1{01}???0010??111000211??0?01?0??0?10000?????0?10???10??10{12}00??0??100?0100??0000??0001?21???1?{01}??0??00{01}1?1?00?01???00??0 Baptornis {12}11???????????????????????????11001??00??1??????????212101100401001121?{123}??012?0??????1010?10?0???000?????0?????????0???0??????????01??{01}1{01}?????????????????201?11110000111111211102121111100211211{12}1?221?020?2 Cathayornis {01}000010?00??{01}?????????????????????????????0??????0{01}????0111??201?0?10??30??1??101310011011????010?0110000100101100?010001111100{01}?1??1???2101210?1?1?01?110101201??000000000?11???11{12}0?0?0?1{01}1?{01}?00?????0????? Chauna_torquata 11111?10211211{12}111101022110111121111111011000111101121210121062110111113111140101{01}01110110111111011111010211100110001211100001011101101111123114011011121021?011111111111111211102121021200211311222222100100 Concornis ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????0111????????10??30??1?0101210011011?0?0010001?0???1001?1100?0100?1???10???1{01}1??{12}????????????????11????{12}0?????????00?1???????20?0?00??111?00??1???11??0 Confuciusornis 11111?{01}0010010???????????10??00??011200??01{12}0111110010000110010100010{01}020001200001{01}000?01000?0??0??0000000000?000211??0010000000010100210101110?100?000100101201000000000001110101120001000111100001110111?00 Crax_pauxi 21111?102112112111101122110111111111111011000110101121210101162110111213111121101200012110111111111111100111110110001211100001011101101111113114011011221021?011111111111111211102121021100211311232222100110 Crypturellus_undulatus 21111?11211211{01}01010001111101011001101111111110010102121010116210111221311112?1010000121101101011111111001111101100012111000011101011011111031140110111210201011110110111111211102121021100211311222221{01}00101 Dromaeosauridae 0000000?000000000000000000?00000?000?00??0000???00000000000000000000?100?00000000{01}0000?00000?000000000000000??0010000?00000000100001000000??0000000?0000000001000{01}00000{01}000{01}0000000000000000000000000{01}00{01}{01}?00 Gallus_gallus 11111?102112112111101122110111111111111011000110101121210101162100111{12}13111121101200?12110111111111111100111110110001211100001011101101111113114011001221021?011111111111111211102121021100211311232222100111 Gobipteryx 11111?10010000?001?1?0?10?????00?????0???0??0???1????????????{345}?????10???????????131??1101100?0?1000110?002001?1?0110???0????????????11?121??{012}?0??????1?1??1???????????0?001???0????1?10?00111111000?11?111?0? Hesperornis 1110010?1111112001?1?0?1010??1110011100??00?0???101021210110050100112111?00010010?0001??0?10?0???000010??0?????????0???0????0?????????????????????????????201?11110000111111211102121111100211311212221022002 Hongshanornis 11110?0?010{01}1????????????10???????????????1{01}0?????1?0?{01}001100{23}01?0?111031??{12}2?20120001011000?{01}0100011110111110010100100010000?0{01}??011001?1??3112001?00{01}200?0??0??0?00?000011?1?101?{12}1001000{12}1131111112?000?01 Iaceornis_ ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????31?02{23}11????1?1011010?111101111?01????????????????????????????????1113114011110121020001110??1?11?11121110212?121100211??????????????? Ichthyornis {12}110010?11????????0??????10{01}1?111011101001020???101?{01}1200111?{45}110021{12}?1311022010100001011010?11110111111011110010110110010000101{01}10111211112311201110012?12000111{01}00101?11?12111021211111002113112{12}2?21000002 Jeholornis ??????????????????????????????????????????????????0???????????????????0??????????????10?10?0?0?0?0?11000?100??0000?00?0???000?1???0???0??1??1001?010000100{01}0020?00?00??0000????00{01}000?0??00?{01}00000?0????00??? Lithornis 21111?1121121100?0100011111010110?11{01}1101?1111?01?102121012?0{56}11?1?1{12}{12}13111221001000{01}10110110111101111001111100110001{12}1110000101010110111111311301110{01}12102000?111011011111121110212101100021131122222110010{01} Neuquenornis ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????0110????????????31?????101{12}1001?01100?001?001?0???2??1???0{01}?0???0?????{01}???1?11???2???210?1???01??????????????????????110?1?1?0???????1?{01}?0???1?0111??? Patagopteryx ???????????????????0?0?1??????00??111110000?????????20100000030????????????0?????????10010????0101?11110{01}00???{01}?10?0??001000001{01}0001??{12}00???3?0????????10?20?0110000?011011?2?0????20?0?000{12}11310{01}110000000?{01} Pengornis 0000010?00000???????????????????????????????0?????0?{12}??0011??{12}0??0010?0????????012{01}001?010??????0??1???012111{01}0?011010001{01}{01}1?????1??11???10{12}{12}?0??01??1?11?????0??0??????000??10????{12}0?0??0{01}?1?1?00??11??11??0 Protopteryx {01}00?010?00000????????????10?????????????????0?????0???{01}001100{23}01?0?10?030??1{12}0101210011{01}10?0?{01}010{01}?1110001000?0?0000??001??0????????100?010?110000??00{01}100{01}0??0??0000??000??11??????0?????????{01}?000?1???11??0 Sapeornis 1000010000000?????????????????????????????1?0?????0000{01}00010010000010?0????????0020000?0000??0?00000000001000?0?01?10?0010000?1???0?00?1{01}10?1111001100{01}10?00?{12}00?00?0000000???000?010?0??00??0000000?0??11??0 Songlingornis {01}010010?01????????????????????????????????1??????0?????????????????????31??{12}?0201{01}00110110???1?11011????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Vorona ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1???????10101011111200001?20000000 Xiangornis ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2???????013?001??1100?1??1?????????11???101?0????????????????????????31?3101111??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Yanornis 1010010001?01????????????10???????1???????1?0?????100020011?0301??0???0310?{12}??20100001011010?1?11?1111000111??0101?0100?10000?0?????1021{01}1013111001100{01}200?0??01?000?0?0001??1?????2??0??00?11{23}11{01}{01}?12??00??1 Yixianornis 101?010001???????????01??1????????11{01}?????1?0?????100?2001100301???111031??{12}??20100011011010?111101111100111100?0110??001?000???0?011021{01}10?3112001100{01}200?00001100000?0001?21?101?2???????1113111{01}?1???00??1 ; END; [ The following blocks are output data for analysis step 9645 ] BEGIN TREES; TITLE Ornithuromorpha; LINK TAXA = TaxaForAnalysisStep9645; TREE Fig._3A = [&R] (Dromaeosauridae,(Archaeopteryx,(Jeholornis,(Sapeornis,(Confuciusornis,(Protopteryx,((Archaeorynchus,(Vorona,(Patagopteryx,Hongshanornis,(Apsaravis,((Ichthyornis,(Iaceornis_,(((Anas_platyrhynchos,Chauna_torquata),(Gallus_gallus,Crax_pauxi)),(Crypturellus_undulatus,Lithornis)))),(Hesperornis,Baptornis))),(Yanornis,(Songlingornis,Yixianornis))))),(Pengornis,(Neuquenornis,(Xiangornis,(Gobipteryx,(Cathayornis,Concornis)))))))))))); [! TreeBASE tree URI: http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/tree/TB2:Tr55113] END;