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@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref17598, author = {Krzysztof Spalik and Stephen R. Downie}, title = {Intercontinental disjunctions in Cryptotaenia (Apiaceae, Oenantheae): an appraisal using molecular data}, year = {2006}, keywords = {}, doi = {}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Journal of Biogeography}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Aim The angiosperm genus Cryptotaenia (family Apiaceae, tribe Oenantheae) exhibits an anomalous distribution pattern, with five of its eight species being narrow endemics geographically isolated from their presumed relatives. We examined the monophyly of the genus and ascertained the phylogenetic placements of its constituent members in order to explain their distribution patterns. Location Eastern North America, eastern Asia, the Caucasus, southern Italy, Macaronesia, and Africa. Methods In total, 173 accessions were examined for nuclear rDNA ITS sequence variation, representing all major lineages of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae and seven species of Cryptotaenia. Sampling of tribes Oenantheae, Scandiceae, and Pimpinelleae was comprehensive. Phylogenetic analyses included Bayesian, maximum parsimony, and neighbour-joining methods; biogeographic scenarios were inferred using dispersal-vicariance analysis (DIVA). Results Cryptotaenia is polyphyletic and includes three distant lineages: (1) Cryptotaenia sensu stricto (C. canadensis, C. japonica, C. flahaultii, and C. thomasii) is maintained within tribe Oenantheae; Cryptotaenia canadensis and C. japonica, representing an eastern North American-eastern Asian disjunction pattern, are confirmed to be sister species. (2) Cryptotaenia elegans, an endemic of the Canary Islands, is placed within Scandiceae subtribe Daucinae along with two woody endemics of Madeira, Monizia edulis and Melanoselinum decipiens. The phylogeny of these Canarian and Madeiran endemics is unresolved. They either constitute a monophyletic sister group to a clade comprising some Mediterranean and African species of Daucus and their relatives or they are paraphyletic to this clade. The herbaceous/woody genus Tornabenea from Cape Verde, once included in Melanoselinum, is not closely related to the other Macaronesian endemics but to Daucus carota. (3) The African members of Cryptotaenia (C. africana, C. calycina, and possibly C. polygama) comprise a clade with some African and Madagascan umbellifers; this entire clade is sister group to Eurasian Pimpinella. Main conclusions Elucidating the phylogeny of the biogeographically anomalous Cryptotaenia sensu lato enabled hypotheses on the biogeography of its constituent lineages. Cryptotaenia sensu stricto exhibits a holarctic distribution pattern with its members occurring in regions that were important glacial refugia. The genus probably originated in eastern Asia and from there dispersed to Europe and North America. For the Macaronesian endemic speciesCryptotaenia elegans, Monizia edulis and Melanoselinum decipiensDIVA reconstructs either a single dispersal event to Macaronesia from the Mediterranean/African region or a single dispersal followed by a back-dispersal to the mainland. The radiation of Tornabenea from Cape Verde followed a second dispersal of Daucinae to Macaronesia. Woodiness in Melanoselinum/Monizia and Tornabenea, therefore, is a derived and independently acquired trait. The African members of Cryptotaenia are derived from an ancestor arriving from the Middle East.} }