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@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref16584, author = {Adriana E Marvaldi and Andrea S Sequeira and Charles W O'Brien and Brian D Farrell}, title = {Molecular and morphological phylogenetics of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea): Do niche shifts accompany diversification?}, year = {2002}, keywords = {18S rDNA; diversification; host associations; larval habits; morphology; phylogenetics; weevils}, doi = {10.1080/10635150290102465}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Systematic Biology}, volume = {51}, number = {5}, pages = {761--785}, abstract = {Abstract. Phylogenetic relationships among the weevils (Curculionoidea) were inferred from cladistic analysis of nucleotide sequences of 18S ribosomal DNA and 126 morphological characters of larval and adult stages. About 50 % of the rDNA sequences are new. A worldwide sample of 100 species was made to maximize representation of weevil morphological and ecological diversity. All families and main subfamilies of Curculionoidea are represented: Nemonychidae (Rhynorhynchinae, Cimberidinae), Anthribidae (Anthribinae), Belidae (Belinae, Oxycoryninae), Attelabidae (Attelabinae, Rhynchitinae), Eccoptarthridae (Carinae), Brentidae (Brentinae, Eurhynchinae, Antliarhininae, Apioninae), and Curculionidae sensu lato. The latter family is represented by about 80 species in 30 subfamilies of traditional classifications (e g. Erirhininae, Dryophthorinae, Entiminae, Curculioninae, Molytinae, Cossoninae, Scolytinae, Platypodinae, etc.). Three species of Chrysomeloidea were included as outgroups. The main goals of this study were to provide a robust phylogeny for the families of Curculionoidea, to discover relationships and major natural groups within the family Curculionidae, and to clarify the evolution of larval habits and host-plant associations in weevils in order to analyse their role in weevil diversification. Phylogenetic reconstruction was done by parsimony analysis, tree topology support was evaluated, and incongruence between molecular and morphological data sets was tested. Results of the combined analysis of 18S/morphology show that monophyly of, and relationships among, each of the weevil families are well supported. Within the clade Curculionidae sensu lato the basal positions are occupied by (mostly monocot-associated) taxa with the primitive type of male genitalia followed by the Curculionidae sensu stricto or with groups with the derived type of male genitalia, which includes the Bagoinae, followed by broad-nosed weevils (Entiminae and allied taxa) and then by the rest of the weevils (including Scolytinae and Platypodinae which appear closely related). High support values were found for the monophyly of the Dryophthorinae (several tribes represented), the Bagoinae, the Entiminae, the Baridinae, the Ceutorhynchinae, and the Platypodinae (Tesserocerini plus Platypodini), among others. The relationships among curculionid subfamilies are, however, weakly supported. The phylogeny estimate based on 18S/morphology suggests that diversification in weevils is accompanied by niche shifts in host plant associations and in larval habits. Pronounced conservatism is shown in larval feeding habits, particularly in the host tissue consumed. Multiple shifts to use of angiosperms in Curculionoidea were identified, each time associated with a considerable increase in weevil diversity, and subsequent shifts back to gymnosperms, particularly in the Curculionidae. [Weevils, 18S rDNA, morphology, larval habits, host associations, diversification.]} }