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@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref26309, author = {Juan Francisco Morales and Mary E. Endress and Sigrid Liede}, title = {Sex, drugs and pupusas: Disentangling relationships in Echiteae (Apocynaceae)}, year = {2017}, keywords = {Apocynoids; molecular phylogeny; Parsonsia; Prestonia; pyrrolizidine alkaloids; systematics}, doi = {10.12705/663.7}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Taxon}, volume = {66}, number = {3}, pages = {623--644}, abstract = {Echiteae (Apocynaceae) are mostly vines and lianas, many with showy colorful flowers, which make them conspicuous components of the flora. The tribe comprises five subtribes, 19 genera, and about 200 species. The great majority of the genera are restricted to the Neotropics, with only three confined to the Paleotropics. There are two large genera, Prestonia in the Neotropics and Parsonsia in the Paleotropics, whereas three-fourths of the genera contain only 1?4 species. In order to test the monophyly of the tribe, its subtribes and constituent genera, we analyzed 71 nuclear ITS and 290 plastid sequences (of which 296 were generated here for first time) from 73 species, including all the genera save one in each subtribe. Echiteae and four of its subtribes (Echitinae, Parsonsiinae, Pentalinoninae, Prestoniinae) as currently circumscribed were shown to be polyphyletic. The fifth subtribe, Pentalinoninae, is monophyletic, but does not belong to the Echiteae; its tribal affinities are uncertain. Sixteen genera are maintained. Prestonia and Temnadenia were resolved as polyphyletic, with P. riedelii grouped with Rhodocalyx and T. ornata nested within Prestonia. Fernaldia is nested within Echites, Angadenia is nested in Pentalinon and Peltastes is nested in Macropharynx. Two new subtribes, Bahiellinae and Laubertinae, are proposed, as are the combinations resulting from the merging of Fernaldia, Angadenia and Peltastes and the transfer of P. riedelii and T. ornata to Rhodocalyx and Prestonia, respectively. The necessary realignments of the subtribes Echitinae, Parsonsiinae, Pentalinoninae, and Prestoniinae are also made here Based on our denser sampling and updated classification of the Echiteae, we hypothesize that a shift has likely taken place from the usual steroidal alkaloids and cardenolides to lycopsamine type pyrrolizidine alkaloids as the characteristic secondary compounds in the tribe. } }