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@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref19484, author = {Mark Fishbein and David Chuba and Chris Ellison and Roberta J. Mason-Gamer and Stephen P. Lynch}, title = {Phylogenetic Relationships of Asclepias (Apocynaceae) Inferred from Non-coding Chloroplast DNA Sequences}, year = {2011}, keywords = {Africa, America, biogeography, classification, hypothesis test, milkweed}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Systematic Botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Milkweeds (Asclepias sensu lato, Apocynaceae) are characteristic perennial herbs of grasslands in North America and Africa that have long served as models for studying the evolutionary ecology of plant reproduction and plant defense. Generic circumscription of Asclepias has been long debated with recent workers favoring delimitation on geographic grounds?Asclepias sensu stricto is limited to the Americas and only segregate genera are recognized for African species. A widely used system introduced by Woodson classifies North American Asclepias species into nine subgenera, with the largest subgenus, Asclepias, further divided into eight series. We investigated the phylogeny of Asclepias using three non-coding loci from the plastid genome: rpl16 intron, trnCGCA-rpoB spacer, and the adjacent trnSGCU-trnGUUC spacer and trnGUUC intron. Parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian analyses were conducted to evaluate hypotheses of continental and taxonomic monophyly. Hypothesis tests were conducted under the parsimony and likelihood criteria. We found moderate support for the monophyly of American Asclepias sensu stricto and for all but one representative of African Asclepias sensu lato. Within the Amerian clade, South American species are strongly supported as monophyletic and derived from North American ancestors. Only one of Woodson?s 17 infrageneric taxa was found to be monophyletic. Monophyly of more than one-half of the remaining 16 taxa could be statistically rejected using a conservative α level. Our results are consistent with the restriction of Asclepias to American species and point to a need for major restructuring of the infrageneric classification and future revsionary work.} }