@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref18959, author = {Robert Aaron Makowsky and John C. Marshall and John David McVay and Paul T. Chippindale and Leslie J. Rissler}, title = {Phylogeographic analysis of the plain-bellied watersnake (Nerodia erythrogaster) reveals low genetic and ecological differentiation and no support for subspecies}, year = {2010}, keywords = {Nerodia erythrogaster, Natricinae, Subspecies, Thamnophiinae, Watersnake, Phylogeography, Ecological niche modeling}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2010.03.012}, url = {http://}, pmid = {20302955}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {55}, number = {3}, pages = {985--995}, abstract = {Species that exhibit geographically defined phenotypic variation have traditionally been divided into subspecies. Subspecies based on morphological features may not comprise monophyletic groups due to a possible combination of selection, gene flow, or convergent evolution. In many taxonomic groups the number of species once designated as widespread is dwindling rapidly, and many workers reject the concept of subspecies altogether. We tested whether currently recognized subspecies in the plain-bellied watersnake Nerodia erythrogaster are concordant with relationships based on mitochondrial markers. The range of this species spans multiple potential biogeographic barriers (Mississippi River and Apalachicola Rivers) that correspond with lineage breaks in many species, including other snakes. We sequenced three genes (NADH-II, Cyt-b, Cox-I) from 156 geo-referenced specimens and developed ecological niche models using Maxent and spatially-explicit climate data to examine historical and ecological factors affecting variation in N. erythrogaster across its range. Overall, we found little support for the recognized subspecies and conclude that although some genetic and niche differentiation has occurred, most populations assigned to N. erythrogaster appear to represent a single, widespread species. However, additional sampling and application of nuclear markers are necessary to clarify the status of the easternmost populations.} }

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