@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref28140, author = {Hailee Brynn Korotkin and Rachel Swenie and Otto Miettinen and Jessica M. Budke and Ko-Hsuan Chen and Francois Lutzoni and Matthew E Smith and Patrick Brandon Matheny}, title = {Stable isotope analyses reveal previously unknown trophic mode diversity in the Hymenochaetales}, year = {2018}, keywords = {Agaricomycetes; Basidiomycota; ecology; endophytes; functional diversity; mosses; mycorrhizae; phylogenetics}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {American Journal of Botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {The order Hymenochaetales is dominated by lignicolous, white-rot, saprotrophic fungi involved in wood decay. However, previous studies have identified byrophilous and terricolous taxa within the order, but their modes of nutrition are not very clear. Here, we investigate patterns of carbon and nitrogen utilization in numerous non-lignicolous Hymenochaetales and provide a phylogenetic context in which these non-canonical ecological guilds arose. methods We combined stable isotope analyses of δ13C and δ15N and phylogenetic analyses of 28S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and rpb2 gene regions to explore assignment and evolution of nutritional modes. Clustering procedures were performed to assign trophic modes to Hymenochaetales of varying ecologies. Statistical tests were performed to test null hypotheses concerning no differences between stable isotope values in a given trophic cluster with known trophic modes. Genomes of Hymenochaetales were mined for presence of enzymes involved in degradation of plant cell walls and lignin and sucrolytic activity. key results Three different trophic clusters were detected ? biotrophic, saprotrophic, and an unknown biotrophic cluster that includes autotrophs. Non-lignicolous Hymenochaetales are generally biotrophic, but many differ in the utilization of carbon and nitrogen compared to ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi or other biotrophs. All lignicolous Hymenochaetales clustered as saprotrophic, and the vast majority of terricolous Hymenonchaetales are inferred as ECM. Overall, at least 15 species of Hymenochaetales are inferred as biotrophic and appear in derived clades within the order. Assessments of genomic traits suggest that bryophilous species of Rickenella can degrade plant cell walls and lignin and cleave sucrose to glucose, features consistent with an endophytic biotrophic life style. conclusions Most bryophilous and terricolous lineages of Hymenochaetales are biotrophic, and ECM signatures are affirmed for several new taxa. Stable isotope values of many bryophilous Hymenochaetales cluster as ECM or in a novel biotrophic cluster indicative of an endophyte life style or parasitism. Most Hymeonchaetales that produce basidiomes on wood are saprotrophs. Overall, trophic mode diversity in the Hymenochaetales is greater than anticipated, and non-lignicolous ecological traits and biotrophic modes of nutrition appear to be evolutionarily derived.} }

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