@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref19039, author = {Barbara Whitlock and Amanda M. Hale}, title = {Phylogenetics of Ayenia, Byttneria, and Rayleya (Malvaceae s.l.)}, year = {2010}, keywords = {Ayenia, Bytternia, Rayleya, Malvaceae, Byttnerieae, Byttnerioideae, growth forms, biogeography}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Systematic Botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Tropical plants show a diversity of growth forms, yet few studies examine the transitions between trees, shrubs, and lianas, and how changes in growth form are associated with new geographic distributions. Here, we use a phylogenetic approach to test hypotheses on the evolution of climbing plants and examine biogeography in 37 species of erect and climbing woody plants in Ayenia, Byttneria, and Rayleya using chloroplast DNA sequences. Results show that Rayleya is sister to a combined clade of Ayenia and Byttneria; Byttneria is paraphyletic with Ayenia nested within it. The common ancestor of the combined Ayenia/Byttneria/Rayleya clade is reconstructed as a neotropical tree or shrub. Within the Ayenia/Byttneria clade, there is a single transition to unarmed lianas, with subsequent radiations into the Asian and African tropics. A second independent transition from trees or shrubs to spiny, semi-scandent shrubs occurred in the neotropics. We found no evidence of transitions from lianas to any other growth form; however, we recovered a reversal from semi-scandent shrubs to fully upright plants. Within the neotropics, there are two independent radiations into seasonal, open habitats. Additional sampling of African species of Byttneria may yield more complicated scenarios in both biogeography and the evolution of growth forms. } }

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