@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref23680, author = {Franck Richard and Jean-Michel Bellanger and Philippe Clowez and R?gis Courtecuisse and Karen Hansen and Kerry O'Donnell and Mathieu Sauve and Alexander Urban and Pierre-Arthur Moreau}, title = {True morels (Morchella, Pezizales) of Europe and North America: Evolutionary relationships inferred from multilocus data and a unified taxonomy}, year = {2015}, keywords = {Ascomycota, Morchellaceae, nomenclature, Pezizomycetes, taxonomy}, doi = {10.3852/14-166}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Mycologia}, volume = {107}, number = {2}, pages = {359--382}, abstract = {Applying early names, with or without original material, to genealogical species is challenging. For morels this task is especially difficult because of high morphological stasis and high plasticity of apothecium color and shape. Here, we propose a nomenclatural revision of true morels (Morchella, Pezizales) from Europe and North America, based on molecular phylogenetic analyses of portions of the genes for RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1) and second largest subunit (RPB2), translation elongation factor-1α (TEF1 ), the nuc rDNA region encompassing the internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2, along with the 5.8S rDNA (ITS), and partial nuc 28S rDNA D1-D2 domains (28S) . The 107 newly sequenced collections were from both continents, including 48 types, together with previously published sequences. Names are applied to 30 of the 65 currently recognized genealogical species. Results of the present study revealed that the number of Morchella species in Europe (n = 21) is nearly identical to that in North America (n = 22). Only seven species were found on both continents, consistent with previous reports of high continental endemism within the genus. Presently it is not possible to tell whether the transoceanic disjunctions were due to human activities, migration across a Bering land bridge or long-distance dispersal. In an effort to stabilize the taxonomy, due in part to the recent publication of synonyms for 11 of the species, accepted names are presented together with their corresponding later synonyms. A new subclade that includes the holotypes of M. castanea and M. brunneorosea is identified in sect. Morchella (Esculenta Clade). Here are designated lectotypes for Morchella deliciosa, M. eximia and M. tridentina, as well as epitypes for M. dunalii, M. eximia, M. purpurascens and M. vulgaris. Morchella conica as published by Persoon was determined to be illegitimate at the rank of species. Additionally further research is required to determine the identity of M. elata and M. inamoena. The NCBI GenBank and Morchella MLST (http://www.cbs.knaw.nl/morchella/) databases were updated to reflect the revised taxonomy.} }

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