@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref19678, author = {Eli Greenbaum and Eric N. Smith and Rafael O de Sa}, title = {Molecular systematics of the Middle American genus Hypopachus (Anura: Microhylidae).}, year = {2011}, keywords = {Mexico, Central America, frog, phylogenetics, sequence divergence}, doi = {}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.07.002}, pmid = {}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {We present the first phylogenetics study that is focused on the widespread Middle American microhylid frog genus Hypopachus. Partial sequences of mitochondrial (12S and 16S) and nuclear (rhodopsin) genes (1,275 bp total) were analyzed from 43 samples of Hypopachus, three currently recognized species of Gastrophryne, and seven arthroleptid, brevicipitid and microhylid outgroup taxa. Maximum parsimony (PAUP) maximum likelihood (RaxML) and Bayesian inference (MrBayes) optimality criteria were used for phylogenetic analyses. Results confirm the placement of Hypopachus and Gastrophryne as sister taxa, but the latter genus was strongly supported as paraphyletic, and as a result, we erect a new genus for the taxon G. usta. The African phrynomerine genus Phrynomantis was recovered as the sister taxon to a monophyletic Chiasmocleis, which rendered our well-supported clade of gastrophrynines paraphyletic. Hypopachus barberi was supported as a disjunctly distributed highland species, and we recovered a basal split in lowland populations of Hypopachus variolosus from the Pacific versant of Mexico and elsewhere in the Mesoamerican lowlands. Previous studies did not find bioacoustic or morphological differences among these lowland clades, and our conclusions support the continued recognition of two species in the genus Hypopachus.} }

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