@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref19787, author = {Melissa Jane Day and Jocelyn C Hall and Randolph S Currah}, title = {Phialide arrangement and character evolution in the helotialean anamorph genera Cadophora and Phialocephala.}, year = {2011}, keywords = {character reconstruction, Phialocephala, Cadophora, phialides, rDNA ITS sequences}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Mycologia Aplicada International}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {The dematiaceous hyphomycete genera Cadophora and Phialocephala are anamorphs associated with mollisoid inoperculate discomycetes (Helotiales) and are delineated based on the complexity of the phialide arrangement, with members of Cadophora producing solitary phialides and species of Phialocephala producing complex heads of multiple phialides. A third, phylogenetically related taxon, Leptodontidium orchidicola, produces mostly indehiscent conidia that may represent non-functional phialides. Morphological characteristics of both sexual and asexual states of these and other fungi in a focal group of helotialean taxa were re-examined, in light of relationships shown by molecular phylogenetic analyses of rDNA ITS sequences, to determine the evolutionary significance of phialide arrangement. The focal species of Phialocephala formed a monophyletic clade while five of six species of Cadophora, including the type, were in a separate clade along with L. orchidicola. C. finlandica was placed in a third clade with species of Meliniomyces and Rhizoscyphus. We hypothesized that the ancestral state for species in Cadophora and Phialocephala is the production of sclerotium-like heads of multiple phialides, which has been retained in most species assignable to Phialocephala. A reduction to solitary phialides occurred in the lineage leading to the clade containing most of the Cadophora species. Two possible reductions to non-functional phialides were identified: one in the Meliniomyces-C. finlandica-Chloridium paucisporum clade and another in the L. orchidicola and Mollisia ?rhizophila?clade. A reversion to increased phialide complexity may have occurred in the clade containing C. finlandica and Ch. paucisporum. Our data and analyses also show a previously unrecognized relationship between teleomorph and anamorph morphology, in that Mollisia species with smaller asci would be expected to have Phialocephala states, while those with larger asci would be expected to have Cadophora states. Based on morphology and phylogenetic placement, L. orchidicola and C. hiberna are transferred to Cadophora and Phialocephala respectively. } }

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