@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref20500, author = {erin anne tripp and Siti Fatimah}, title = {Comparative anatomy, morphology, and molecular phylogenetics of the African genus Satanocrater Schweinf. (Acanthaceae)}, year = {2012}, keywords = {arid; C4 photosynthesis; carbon isotope ratio; Eif3E, herbarium specimen; Kranz anatomy; molecular; phylogeny; Ruellieae; xeromorphic; xerophytic.}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {American Journal of Botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {? Premise of the study: Anatomical and morphological features of Satanocrater were studied to test hypotheses of xeric adaptations in the genus, which is endemic to arid tropical Africa. These features, together with molecular data, are used to test the phylogenetic placement of Satanocrater within the large plant family Acanthaceae. ? Methods: We undertook a comparative study of the four species of Satanocrater. Carbon isotope ratios were generated to test a hypothesis of C4 photosynthesis. Molecular data from chloroplast (trnG-trnS, trnG-trnR, psbA-trnH) and nuclear (Eif3E) loci were used to test the placement of Satanocrater within Acanthaceae. ? Key results: Anatomical features reflecting xeric adaptations of species of Satanocrater include possession of a thick-walled epidermis, thick cuticle, abundant trichomes and glandular scales, stomata overarched by subsidiary cells, tightly packed mesophyll cells, and well-developed palisade parenchyma on both leaf surfaces. Although two species possess enlarged bundle sheath cells, a feature often implicated in C4 photosynthesis, isotope ratios indicate all species of Satanocrater utilize the C3 pathway. Molecular data resolve Satanocrater within the tribe Ruellieae with strong support. Within Ruellieae, our data suggest that pollen morphology of Satanocrater may represent an intermediate stage in a transition series. ? Conclusions: Anatomical and morphological features of Satanocrater reflect adaptation to xeric environments and add new information about the biology of xerophytes. Morphological and molecular data place Satanocrater in Ruellieae with confidence. This study adds to our capacity to test hypotheses of broad evolutionary and ecological interest in a diverse and important family of flowering plants. } }

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