@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref24299, author = {Xingxing Shen and Dan Liang and Mengyun Chen and Rongli Mao and David B. Wake and Peng Zhang}, title = {Enlarged Multilocus Dataset Provides Surprisingly Younger Time of Origin for the Plethodontidae, the Largest Family of Salamanders}, year = {2015}, keywords = {phylogenomics, timetree, molecular dating, species tree, paleogeography, dispersal}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Systematic Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Deep phylogenetic relationships of the largest salamander family Plethodontidae have been difficult to resolve, probably reflecting a rapid diversification early in their evolutionary history. Here, we used 50 independent nuclear markers (total 48,582 bp) to reconstruct the phylogeny and divergence times for plethodontid salamanders, using both concatenation and coalescence-based species-tree analyses. Our results robustly resolve the position of the enigmatic eastern North American Four-toed Salamander (Hemidactylium) as the sister taxon of Batrachoseps + Tribe Bolitoglossini, thus settling a longstanding question. Furthermore, we statistically reject sister taxon status of Karsenia and Hydromantes, the only plethodontids to occur outside the Americas, leading us to new biogeographic hypotheses. Contrary to previous longstanding arguments that plethodontid salamanders are an old lineage originating in the Cretaceous (more than 90 Ma), our analyses lead to the hypothesis that these salamanders are much younger, arising close to the K-T boundary (~66 Ma). These time estimates are highly stable using alternative calibration schemes and dating methods. Our data simulation highlights the potential risk of making strong arguments about phylogenetic timing based on inferences from a handful of nuclear genes, a common practice. Based on the newly obtained timetree and ancestral area reconstruction results, we argue that (i) the classic ?Out of Appalachia? hypothesis of plethodontid origins is problematic; (ii) the common ancestor of extant plethodontids may have originated in northwestern North America in the early Paleocene; (iii) origins of Eurasian plethodontids likely result from two separate dispersal events from western North America via Beringia in the late Eocene (~ 42 Ma) and the early Miocene (~ 23 Ma), respectively; (iv) loss of lungs in plethodontids may result from fundamental biomechanical conflicts resulting from increasing terrestriality rather than being a rheotrophic adaptation.} }

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