@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref19900, author = {Eric Wada and Daniel Potter and M. Andrew Walker}, title = {Using Microsatellite Data to Investigate Species Boundaries and Gene Flow Among Vitis californica, V. girdiana, and V. vinifera}, year = {2011}, keywords = {grape, introgression, molecular data, SSRs, taxonomy}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Systematic Botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Two species of grape, Vitis californica and V. girdiana, are native in California, while V. vinifera is widely cultivated in the state. The two native species are not easily distinguished by morphological characteristics, so geographic origin is often used to identify them. The abundance of vineyards in California, allows for the possibility of gene flow between V. vinifera, which has perfect flowers, and the native dioecious species. Hybrid forms of V. girdiana or V. californica and V. vinifera can therefore be found in the wild. This study used microsatellite DNA markers to investigate species boundaries between the two native taxa. A secondary goal was to investigate the prevalence of gene flow between the two wild species and V. vinifera. Data from eleven microsatellite loci were analyzed using both genetic distance and a Bayesian model-based approach implemented in the program STRUCTURE 2.1. The data supported maintaining V. californica and V. girdiana as separate species. Gene flow between V. vinifera and either V. californica or V. girdiana was also detected though a more rigorous study to investigate the frequency with which hybrids occur is warranted. This study also identified one population of possible hybrids between V. californica and V. girdiana in the southern Sierra Nevada, suggesting that there is very limited gene flow between these two species.} }

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