@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref21270, author = {L?cia G. Lohmann and Charles David Bell and M. Fernanda Cali? and Richard Charles Winkworth}, title = {Pattern and timing of biogeographic history in the Neotropical tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae)}, year = {2012}, keywords = {Bignoniaceae, Bignonieae, biogeography, divergence time estimates, lianas, Neotropical flora}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Despite an improving knowledge of species distribution patterns in the Neotropics, the processes that underlie them remain uncertain. The tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae), with 22 genera and 382 species, is the largest single clade of lianas in the Neotropics. The group is widely distributed and exhibits high levels of morphological diversity; it therefore makes an excellent model for biogeographic and evolutionary studies. Here, we investigate the biogeographic history of Bignonieae using a tribe-wide time-calibrated phylogeny as a basis for ancestral area reconstructions. We examine four hypotheses for the origin and subsequent biogeographic spread of the tribe. Our analyses suggest that the Bignonieae crown group originated in South America rainforests approximately 50 Myr ago. Area reconstructions for the early divergences are equivocal, although the resulting SMANG and Core Bignonieae clades appear to have occupied eastern South America and lowland Amazonia, respectively. Subsequently, there were colonisations of the South American dry areas and of western South and Central America as well as exchanges between eastern South American and lowland Amazonia. These biogeographic events occurred over a broad time span, but it appears that climate drying and the Andean Orogeny were important for shaping contemporary diversity. The widespread distributions of many contemporary species can be explained by a combination of habitat heterogeneity within biogeographic areas and the wide habitat preferences of species.} }

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