@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref21293, author = {Astrid Cruaud and Nina R?nsted and Bhanumas Chantarasuwan and Lien-Siang Chou and Wendy Lee Clement and Arnaud COULOUX and Benjamin Cousins and Gwenaelle Genson and Rhett D Harrison and Paul E Hanson and Martine Hossaert-McKey and Roula Jabbour-Zahab and Emmanuelle Jousselin and Carole Kerdelhue and Finn Kjellberg and Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde and John Peebles and Yan-Qiong Peng and Rodrigo AS Pereira and Tselil Schramm and Rosichon Ubaidillah and Simon van Noort and George Weiblen and Da-Rong Yang and Anak Yodpinyanee and Ran Libeskind-Hadas and James M Cook and Jean-Yves Rasplus and Vincent Savolainen}, title = {An Extreme Case of Plant-Insect Co-Diversification: Figs and Fig-Pollinating Wasps}, year = {2012}, keywords = {biogeography, coevolution, cospeciation, host switching, long-branch attraction artifact, phylogeny}, doi = {10.1093/sysbio/sys068}, url = {http://}, pmid = {22848088}, journal = {Systematic Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {It is thought that speciation in phytophagous insects is often due to colonization of novel host plants, because radiations of plant and insect lineages are typically asynchronous. Recent phylogenetic comparisons have supported this model of diversification for both insect herbivores and specialized pollinators. An exceptional case where contemporaneous plant-insect diversification might be expected is the obligate mutualism between fig trees (Ficus species, Moraceae) and their pollinating wasps (Agaonidae, Hymenoptera). The ubiquity and ecological significance of this mutualism in tropical and subtropical ecosystems has long intrigued biologists, but the systematic challenge posed by >750 interacting species pairs has hindered progress toward understanding its evolutionary history. In particular, taxon sampling and analytical tools have been insufficient for large-scale co-phylogenetic analyses. Here, we sampled nearly 200 interacting pairs of fig and wasp species from across the globe. Two super matrices were assembled: on average, wasps had sequences from 77% of six genes (5.6kb), figs had sequences from 60% of five genes (5.5 kb), and overall 850 new DNA sequences were generated for this study. We also developed a new analytical tool, Jane 2, for event-based phylogenetic reconciliation analysis of very large data sets. Separate Bayesian phylogenetic analyses for figs and fig wasps under relaxed molecular clock assumptions indicate Cretaceous diversification of crown groups and contemporaneous divergence for nearly half of all fig and pollinator lineages. Event-based co-phylogenetic analyses further support the co-diversification hypothesis. Biogeographic analyses indicate that the present day distribution of fig and pollinator lineages is consistent with an Eurasian origin and subsequent dispersal, rather than with Gondwanan vicariance. Overall, our findings indicate that the fig-pollinator mutualism represents an extreme case among plant-insect interactions of coordinated dispersal and long-term co-diversification.} }

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