@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref21776, author = {Joel Robert McNeal and Jonathan R. Bennett and Andrea D. Wolfe and Sarah Mathews}, title = {Phylogeny and origins of holoparasitism in Orobanchaceae}, year = {2013}, keywords = {hemiparasite; Orobanchaceae; parasitism; phylogeny; phytochrome}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {American Journal of Botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Orobanchaceae are a family of angiosperms that range from fully autotrophic and free-living to completely heterotrophic and dependent on their hosts (holoparasites). Most of the approximately 2060 species are hemiparasites that photosynthesize throughout all or part of their life cycles. Certain members of the family are ecologically important due to direct impacts on community biomass and diversity, on plant-herbivore interactions, and on nutrient cycling. Other members are among the most economically damaging weeds in the world. The occurrence of multiple trophic transitions within this family makes it ideal for studying the accompanying molecular evolutionary and physiological changes that accompany the evolution of parasitism. To establish a phylogenetic framework for such work, we substantially increased taxonomic sampling at loci for which a significant amount of relevant data already existed (nuclear ITS and PHYA, plastid matK and rps2) and added data from an additional low-copy nuclear locus, PHYB. The resulting tree from the combined data includes 124 ingroup taxa and resolves the family into six clades. The data provide strong support for relationships among these clades and for the position of the outlier taxon, Brandisia hancei Hook. f.. The positions of Boschniakia himalaica Hook. f. & Thomson, Centranthera cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr., Graderia fruticosa Balf. f., Mannagettaea hummelii Harry Sm., and Pterygiella nigrescens Oliv. within Orobanchaceae are confirmed or suggested for the first time. There is a single origin of parasitism, and from within the hemiparasites, holoparasitism has originated three times.} }

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