@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref14778, author = {Oscar Blanco and Ana Crespo and Richard Ree and H. Thorsten Lumbsch}, title = {Major clades of parmelioid lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) and the evolution of their morphological and chemical diversity}, year = {2005}, keywords = {}, doi = {}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {The parmelioid lichens comprise about 1500 species and have a worldwide distribution. Numerous species are widely distributed and well-known, including important bioindicators for atmospheric pollution. The phylogeny and classification of parmelioid lichens has been a matter of debate for several decades. Previous studies using molecular data have helped to establish hypotheses of the phylogeny of certain clades within the parmelioid lichens. In this study, we infer phylogeny of major clades of parmelioid lichens using two nuclear and one mitochondrial loci from 145 specimens (119 species) representing the morphological and chemical diversity in these taxa. A core group of parmelioid lichens is strongly supported as monophyletic, excluding Artoparmelia and Melanelia p.p., and including Parmeliopsis and Parmelaria. Within this group, seven well supported clades are found, but the relationships among them remain unresolved. Stochastic mapping on a MC/MCMC tree sampling was employed to study the evolution of two morphological and two chemical traits that are believed to be important for the successful survival of these lichens, and have also been employed as major characters for classification. The results suggest that these characters have been gained and lost several times during the evolution of parmelioid lichens.} }

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