@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref24140, author = {Zofia A. Kaliszewska and David John Lohman and Kathrin Sommer and Glenn Adelson and Douglas B. Rand and John Mathew and Gerard Talavera and Naomi E. Pierce}, title = {When caterpillars attack: Biogeography and life-history evolution of the Miletinae (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)}, year = {2015}, keywords = {Ant association, aphytophagy, coevolution, myrmecophagy, myrmecophily, social parasitism}, doi = {10.1111/evo.12599}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/evo.12599/abstract}, pmid = {}, journal = {Evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Of the four most diverse insect orders, Lepidoptera contains remarkably few predatory and parasitic species. While species with these habits have evolved multiple times in moths and butterflies, they have rarely been associated with diversification. The wholly aphytophagous subfamily Miletinae (Lycaenidae) is an exception, consisting of nearly 140 species distributed primarily throughout the Old World tropics and subtropics. Most miletines eat Hemiptera, although some consume ant brood or are fed by ant trophallaxis. A well-resolved phylogeny inferred using 4,915 bp from seven markers sampled from representatives of all genera and nearly half the described species was used to examine the biogeography and evolution of biotic associations in this group. Biogeographic analyses indicate that Miletinae likely diverged from an African ancestor near the start of the Eocene, and four lineages dispersed between Africa and Asia. Phylogenetic constraint in prey selection is apparent at two levels: related miletine species are more likely to feed on related Hemiptera, and most miletine genera are associated with ants from a single subfamily. These results suggest that adaptations for host ant location by ovipositing female miletines may have been retained from phytophagous ancestors that associated with ants mutualistically.} }

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