@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref23094, author = {Chad M. Ternes and Gerald Schoenknecht}, title = {Gene transfers shaped the evolution of de novo NAD+ biosynthesis in eukaryotes}, year = {2014}, keywords = {Horizontal gene transfer, Endosymbiotic gene transfer, NAD+ biosynthesis, Metabolism}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Genome Biology and Evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {NAD+ is an essential molecule for life, present in each living cell. It can function as an electron carrier or cofactor in redox biochemistry and energetics, and serves as substrate to generate the secondary messengers cADPR and NAADP. While de novo NAD+ biosynthesis is essential, different metabolic pathways exist in different eukaryotic clades. The kynurenine pathway starting with tryptophan, was most likely present in the last common ancestor of all eukaryotes, and is active in fungi and animals. The aspartate pathway, detected in most photosynthetic eukaryotes, was probably acquired from the cyanobacterial endosymbiont that gave rise to chloroplasts. An evolutionary analysis of enzymes catalyzing de novo NAD+ biosynthesis resulted in evolutionary trees incongruent with established organismal phylogeny, indicating numerous gene transfers. Endosymbiotic gene transfers introduced the aspartate pathway into eukaryotes and distributed it among different photosynthetic clades. In addition, several horizontal gene transfers substituted eukaryotic genes with bacterial orthologs. While horizontal gene transfer is accepted as a key mechanism in prokaryotic evolution, it supposed to be rare in eukaryotic evolution. The essential metabolic pathway of de novo NAD+ biosynthesis in eukaryotes was shaped by numerous gene transfers.} }

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