@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref16688, author = {Steven L Miller and Ellen Larsson and K. H. Larsson and Annemieke Verbeken and Jorinde Nuytinck}, title = {Perspectives in the new Russulales}, year = {2006}, keywords = {}, doi = {}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Mycologia}, volume = {98}, number = {}, pages = {960--970}, abstract = {Abstract: The Russulales is one of twelve major lineages recently elucidated by molecular sequence data in the homobasidiomycetes. The order is morphologically most diverse, containing a remarkable variety of sporophore forms including resupinate, discoid, effused-reflexed, clavarioid, pileate, or gasteroid and hymenophore configurations from smooth, poroid, hydnoid, lamellate, to labyrinthoid. Functionally these fungi are primarily saprotrophes but others are ectomycorrhizal, root parasites, and insect symbionts. A phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear 5.8S, ITS2 and large-subunit rDNA genes comprises the best information to date on relationships of taxa within the Russulales. Two large sister groups encompassing eleven to thirteen major clades have been recovered within the Russulales. Based on molecular and morphological data, 12 families and approximately 80 genera have been identified, although placement of many taxa has not yet been determined. The two clades containing ectomycorrhizal taxa, corresponding to the Russulaceae and the Albatrellaceae, represent the greatest diversity of sporophore morphologies. The primarily pileate lamellate family Russulaceae is nested with resupinate species and also contains pileate sequestrate, annulate and pleurotoid forms. Similarly, Albatrellaceae contains resupinate poroid, pileate poroid and pileate labyrinthoid sporophores. Presence of gloeoplerous hyphae containing fluid that stains black in sulfoaldehyde compounds is a synapomorphy for the Russulales. Amyloid reactions in spore or hyphal walls that occur frequently throughout the Russulales are often perceived as an obvious synapomorphy, but is inconsistent. Approaches including sequencing functional genes, analysis of gene expression and biochemical analysis across the entire order are needed.} }

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