@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref23415, author = {Lucy A. Dueck and Deniz Aygoren and KENNETH M CAMERON}, title = {A Molecular Framework for Understanding the Phylogeny of Spiranthes (Orchidaceae), a Cosmopolitan Genus with a North American Center of Diversity.}, year = {2014}, keywords = {Orchidaceae}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {American Journal of Botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Premise of the study: Spiranthes is a genus of small terrestrial orchids that are most diverse in North America, yet unusually cosmopolitan. Taxonomy based on morphology alone is problematic, but molecular evidence could help resolve evolutionary relationships within the genus. The phylogeny of Spiranthes was reconstructed to evaluate these patterns, particularly among North American and Old World lineages, determine the systematic value of chromosome numbers and phenology, consider aspects of historical biogeography, and provide evidence for the taxonomic status of vulnerable species. Methods: DNA sequences were produced from 219 samples representing 30 Spiranthes taxa plus one outgroup. Both parsimony and Bayesian inference analyses were applied to separate and combined data matrices generated for nuclear (nrITS) and plastid (matK, trnL, trnS-fM) regions. Key results: Two major clades were recovered. One contains primarily summer-blooming species from western North America with haploid chromosome number of n=22. The other clade (largely n=15) contains midwestern and eastern North American species. Most autumn flowering taxa within the latter clade are monophyletic. An Old World subclade is embedded within the tree, derived from New World ancestors. Most species for which multiple individuals were sampled are monophyletic, with one (S. lucida) sitting on an unusually long branch. However, non-monophyly, and thus dubious taxonomic status, is demonstrated for others. The trans-Atlantic distribution of S. romanzoffiana is likely attributable to long distance dispersal. } }

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