@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref15298, author = {Andrew N. Doust and Anya M. Penly and Surrey W. L. Jacobs and Elizabeth A. Kellogg}, title = {Congruence, Conflict, and Polyploidization Shown by Nuclear and Chloroplast Markers in the Monophyletic ?Bristle Clade? (Paniceae, Panicoideae, Poaceae).}, year = {2007}, keywords = {}, doi = {10.1600/036364407782250670}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Systematic Botany}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, pages = {531--544}, abstract = {Molecular phylogenetic analyses using the chloroplast marker ndhF and a single copy nuclear marker, knotted1, show that the panicoid grasses bearing sterile branches (bristles) in their inflorescences form a monophyletic group. The genus Cenchrus is monophyletic, and monophyly of Pennisetum cannot be ruled out. Setaria is not monophyletic, either as a whole or without various uncertainly placed species such as S. grisebachii. The Australian genera Zygochloa, Spinifex, and Pseudoraphis are placed in the 'bristle clade', confirming that inflorescences of these grasses are homologous with the inflorescences composed of spikelets and sterile branchlets (bristles). Comparison of the nuclear and chloroplast markers identifies several taxa as tetra- or higher polyploids; these are confirmed by southern hybridization. In particular, the Australian species of Paspalidium are allopolyploid, a novel and unexpected result. Zuloagaea bulbosa, a species that lacks the synapomorphic bristles in its inflorescence, is confirmed as a morphologically anomalous member of the clade, and is clearly allopolyploid. This study demonstrates the utility of knotted1 as a phylogenetic marker; we show that it is single copy in diploid taxa and that it exhibits adequate variation to distinguish closely related species. Both nuclear and chloroplast trees show that inflorescence morphology varies considerably in evolutionary time, and that it does not correlate well with phylogenetic relationship.} }

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