@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref17224, author = {E. R. Roalson and Laurence E. Skog and Elizabeth A. Zimmer}, title = {Untangling Gloxinieae (Gesneriaceae). II. Reconstructing biogeographic patterns and estimating divergence times among New World continental and island land masses}, year = {2007}, keywords = {}, doi = {}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Systematic Botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {The Gloxinieae tribe (Gesneriaceae) are a diverse clade of approximately 19 genera and 215 species. As with many tropical lineages, patterns and timing of diversification are poorly understood. This is a particular difficulty in groups such as the Gesneriaceae that are lacking a fossil record. Here we explore maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference of phylogenetic relationships in the tribe based on nuclear, chloroplast, and morphological data sets, use Fitch parsimony optimization (FPO) and dispersal vicariance (DIVA) analyses to explore biogeographic patterns in the Gesnerioideae, and use penalized likelihood calibrated by geological events in the Caribbean and South America to explore timing of movement of lineages among Caribbean, Central American, and South American land masses. Likelihood and Bayesian analyses increase support of previous hypotheses of relationships using parsimony and provide additional resolution in some parts of the phylogeny. FPO and DIVA analyses suggest that the most likely scenarios for movement among Central America and the Caribbean and South America is either multiple dispersals from South America to the north, or a single dispersal and diversification with subsequent back dispersal to South America. Estimation of the timing of movement of these lineages among these land masses suggests that the GAARLANDIA land bridge likely played a role in dispersal events and the Gloxinieae/Gesnerieae lineage likely arrived in the Central America/Caribbean zone approximately 26 MYA.} }

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