@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref21446, author = {Pradeep Kumar Divakar and Ruth Del-Prado and H. Thorsten Lumbsch and Mats Wedin and Theodore L Esslinger and Steve Leavitt and Ana Crespo}, title = {Diversification of the Newly Recognized Lichen Forming Fungal Lineage Montanelia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) and its Relation to Key Geological and Climatic Events.}, year = {2012}, keywords = {dated phylogenies, multilocus phylogenies, uncorrelated relaxed molecular clock, Mi-1 glaciation, Montanelia, new genus, lichens}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.1200258}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {American Journal of Botany}, volume = {99}, number = {12}, pages = {2014--2026}, abstract = {Premise of the study: In spite of the recent advances in generic and species circumscriptions and in recognising species diversity in lichen-forming fungi; the timing of speciation and identifying of factors promoting diversification in lichens remain largely unexplored. We use brown parmelioid lichens as a model to assess the divergence timing and explore the impact of geological and climatic events on lineage divergence and diversification in lichenized fungi. Additionally, in order to clarify the phylogenetic position of the species currently placed in the brown parmelioid Melanelia disjuncta group, we evaluated the taxonomic status and its phylogenetic relationships within Parmeliaceae. Methods: We generated sequences of the nuclear ITS, nuclear LSU and mitochondrial SSU ribosomal DNA, and the protein coding gene MCM7 to reconstruct the phylogeny of parmelioid lichens, the largest clade in lichenized Ascomycota, including the M. disjuncta group. Phylogenetic analyses included maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. We conducted divergence time analyses using the uncorrelated Bayesian relaxed clock approach implemented in BEAST. We finally tested if Melanelia s. str. could be monophyletic including the M. disjuncta group, using the SH and ELW tests. Key results: The M. disjuncta group forms a strongly supported, monophyletic lineage independent from Melanelia s. str. Its relationship among parmelioid genera is not recovered with strong support. The M. disjuncta clade arose ca. 23.1 million years ago (Ma). Our results suggest that most of the lineages within the clade diversified during the Miocene (17.6 to 11.2 Ma). The split of other brown parmelioids, such as Emodomelanelia-Melanelixia occurred ca. 41.70 Ma and the radiation of Melanelixia began during the Eocene?Oligocene transition (ca. 33.75 Ma). Conclusions: Montanelia is described here as a new genus to accommodate species of the Melanelia disjuncta group. Further, the study indicates that the current species delimitation within the newly described genus requires revision. We provide evidence of lineage divergence of Montanelia at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. Our results indicate that the diversification during Miocene would have happened during major mountain uplifts. } }

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