@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref24942, author = {David Alors and H. Thorsten Lumbsch and Pradeep Kumar Divakar and Steve Leavitt and Ana Crespo}, title = {An Integrative Approach for Understanding Diversity in the Punctelia rudecta Species Complex (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota).}, year = {2016}, keywords = {cryptic species, Lecanorales, lichenized fungi, new species, parmelioid lichens, species delimitation, taxonomy}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0146537}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {e0146537}, abstract = {While high levels of cryptic diversity have been documented in lichenized fungi, especially in Parmeliaceae, coalescent-based approach to delimit species is scarcely applied. In this study, we used an integrative taxonomic approach to delimit species in the lichen-forming fungal genus Punctelia, with a particular focus on the cosmopolitan species P. rudecta. Nuclear, mitochondrial ribosomal DNA and protein-coding gene sequences were analyzed in phylogenetic and coalescence-based frameworks. Additionally, morphological, ecological and geographical features were evaluated. Five major strongly supported monophyletic clades were recognized in the genus Punctelia. These clades are characterized by their medullary chemistry. Further, Punctelia rudecta as currently circumscribed has been shown to be polyphyletic with samples falling into different clades. The analyses performed with different methods for species delimitation identified between four and twelve putative species, with PTP identifying the lowest and GMYCmultiple the highest number of clusters. Applying an integrative taxonomic approach we here recognize four species in Punctelia rudecta sensu lato that are geographically isolated. In order to facilitate easy sample identification for air pollution, conservation and biodiversity research, three species have been epitypified and one described as new species. Our data indicate that the major diversification events within the genus have occurred during the Miocene followed by more recent diversifications mostly during the Pliocene.} }

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