@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref15248, author = {Claude W. dePamphilis and Nelson D. Young and Andrea D. Wolfe}, title = {Evolution of plastid gene rps2 in a lineage of hemiparasitic and holoparasitic plants: Many losses of photosynthesis and complex patterns of rate variation.}, year = {1997}, keywords = {molecular evolution; relative rates test; rbcL pseudogene; parallel bootstrap}, doi = {}, url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/94/14/7367.abstract}, pmid = {}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {94}, number = {}, pages = {7367--7372}, abstract = {The plastid genomes of some nonphotosyn-thetic parasitic plants have experienced an extreme reduction in gene content and an increase in evolutionary rate of remaining genes. Nothing is known of the dynamics of these events or whether either is a direct outcome of the loss of photosynthesis. The parasitic Scrophulariaceae and Oroban-chaceae, representing a continuum of heterotrophic ability ranging from photosynthetic hemiparasites to nonphotosyn-thetic holoparasites, are used to investigate these issues. We present a phylogenetic hypothesis for parasitic Scrophulari-aceae and Orobanchaceae based on sequences of the plastid gene rps2, encoding the S2 subunit of the plastid ribosome. Parasitic Scrophulariaceae and Orobanchaceae form a mono-phyletic group in which parasitism can be inferred to have evolved once. Holoparasitism has evolved independently at least five times, with certain holoparasitic lineages represent-ing single species, genera, and collections of nonphotosyn-thetic genera. Evolutionary loss of the photosynthetic gene rbcL is limited to a subset of holoparasitic lineages, with several holoparasites retaining a full length rbcL sequence. In contrast, the translational gene rps2 is retained in all plants investigated but has experienced rate accelerations in several hemi- as well as holoparasitic lineages, suggesting that there may be substantial molecular evolutionary changes to the plastid genome of parasites before the loss of photosynthesis. Independent patterns of synonymous and nonsynonymous rate acceleration in rps2 point to distinct mechanisms under-lying rate variation in different lineages. Parasitic Scrophu-lariaceae (including the traditional Orobanchaceae) provide a rich platform for the investigation of molecular evolutionary process, gene function, and the evolution of parasitism.} }

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