@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref18481, author = {Zsolt P?nzes and George Melika and Zolt?n Bozs?ki and P?te Bihari and Istv?n Mik? and Majid Tavakoli and Juli Pujade-Villar and Bal?zs Feh?r and D?vid F?l?p and Kriszti?n Szab? and Mikl?s Bozs? and Botond Sipos and K?lm?n Somogyi and Graham N. Stone}, title = {Systematic re-appraisal of the gall-usurping wasp genus Synophrus Hartig, 1843 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini)}, year = {2009}, keywords = {}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3113.2009.00482.x}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, pages = {688--711}, abstract = {Several unanswered questions remain regarding the taxonomy and phylogeny of inquiline gallwasps (Cynipidae, Synergini), obligate inhabitants of plant galls induced primarily by other gallwasps (Cynipidae; Cynipini and Diplolepidini). Here we use morphological and molecular data to revise the inquiline genus Synophrus, which are notable for extensively modifying the structure of galls induced by oak gallwasp hosts on oaks in the section Cerris of Quercus subgenus Quercus in the Western-Palaearctic. Synophrus is of particular significance in the diversification of the Synergini because it is assumed to be an early diverging lineage in the Western-Palaearctic. Previous taxonomic treatments have recognised three Western Palaearctic species of Synophrus: S. pilulae Houard, 1911, S. politus Hartig, 1843, and S. olivieri Kieffer, 1898. Our results support the establishment of four further Western Palaearctic species: Synophrus hungaricus Melika & Mik?, sp. n., S. libani Melika & Pujade-Villar, sp. n., S. syriacus Melika, sp. n. and S. hispanicus Pujade-Villar, sp. n. We describe and diagnose these new taxa, identify their phylogenetic relationship, and provide an updated morphological key to the genus Synophrus.} }

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