@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref21342, author = {Lukasz Banasiak and Marcin Piwczynski and Tomasz Ulinski and Stephen R. Downie and Mark F. Watson and Bandana Shakya and Krzysztof Spalik}, title = {Dispersal pattern in space and time: a case study of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae}, year = {2013}, keywords = {Apiaceae, Apioideae, calibration, dispersal, nrDNA ITS, phylogeny, Umbelliferae}, doi = {10.1111/jbi.12071}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Journal of Biogeography}, volume = {40}, number = {7}, pages = {1324--1335}, abstract = {Aim To analyse spatial and temporal patterns of dispersal events in the euapioids, a clade of predominantly temperate and northern hemispheric plant species of Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) subfamily Apioideae. Location Worldwide, with an emphasis on the northern hemisphere. Methods A phylogeny of euapioids was inferred from 1194 nrDNA ITS sequences using Bayesian methods. The reconstruction of ancestral areas was performed simultaneously with phylogeny calibration using a Markov discrete phylogeographical model with Bayesian stochastic search variable selection (BSSVS). Routes with significant non-zero migration rates were identified with Bayes factor test. For each significant track and each tree, the distribution of dispersals in time was scored and the asymmetry of dispersals was evaluated. Results The root of the euapioid umbellifers was reconstructed at ca. 44.51 Ma (95% HPD 39.11-51.55). The Eastern Asiatic Region was reconstructed as the most probable ancestral area for the root of the tree; however, western Eurasia and the Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian Regions were also included in this 95% confidence interval. Seventeen migration routes have significant non-zero migration rates. Twelve of these tracks represent inland dispersals, mostly within the Old World, or those across continental shelf seas. The long-distance transoceanic routes include: (1) western Eurasia-North America, (2) Eastern Asiatic Region-North America, (3) Australia-Neotropical Kingdom, (4) Australia-Neantarctic, and (5) Neotropical Kingdom-sub-Saharan Africa. Most dispersal events occurred among the areas that comprise the major diversification centres of apioid umbellifers: western Eurasia and the Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian, and Eastern Asian Regions. The floristic exchange among these regions was more or less symmetric in all directions and continuous in time. The exchange between North America and the Eastern Asiatic Region was asymmetric; the asymmetry of dispersals between western Eurasia and North America was less pronounced and not statistically significant. Floristic exchange was significantly asymmetric for the Nearctic-Neotropical Kingdom, Nearctic-Neantarctic, western Eurasia-sub-Saharan Africa, and western Eurasia-Siberia migration tracks. Main conclusions The observed dispersal pattern?intense and symmetric within the same climatic zone versus scarce and often unidirectional between climatic zones or along long-distance transoceanic tracks?suggests that both geographical barriers and the availability of suitable habitats have played crucial roles in determining the present distribution of euapioid umbellifers. } }

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