@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref14926, author = {Charles H. Cannon and Paul S. Manos}, title = {Combining and comparing morphometric shape descriptors with a molecular phylogeny: the case of fruit type evolution in Bornean Lithocarpus (Fagaceae).}, year = {2001}, keywords = {Branch length estimates; continuous characters; eigenshape; enclosed receptacle; Fourier; matrix representation}, doi = {10.1080/106351501753462849}, url = {}, pmid = {12116637 }, journal = {Systematic Biology}, volume = {50}, number = {6}, pages = {860--880}, abstract = {Fruit type in the genus Lithocarpus (Fagaceae) includes both classic oak acorns and novel modifications. Despite overall morphological similarity, Bornean taxa producing modified fruits can be separated into two sections (Synaedrys and Lithocarpus) based on subtle shape differences. This variation in shape can be captured and the sections distinguished using either elliptic Fourier or eigenshape analysis. Phenograms of fruit shape were constructed using established maximum likelihood techniques for continuously varying characters. Matrix representations of these phenograms were incorporated into combined and comparative analyses with independent molecular sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the nuclear rDNAs. The combined analysis strongly suggested independent derivation of the novel fruit type in the two sections from different acorn-like ancestors, while the comparative analysis indicated frequent decoupling of inferred amount of change between the molecular and morphological datasets. The acorn fruit type exhibited great evolutionary stability, being present in both the ingroup and outgroup, despite large molecular distance between them. The taxa possessing the novel fruit type, on the other hand, underwent rapid morphological change with little corresponding molecular change. The combination of these two different types of data significantly improved our understanding of the macroevolution of fruit type in this difficult group, while the comparative analysis highlighted the significant incongruities in evolutionary pattern between the two datasets.} }

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