@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref18507, author = {David C. Tank and Richard G. Olmstead}, title = {The evolutionary origin of a second radiation of annual Castilleja (Orobanchaceae) species in South America: the role of long distance dispersal and allopolyploidy}, year = {2009}, keywords = {}, doi = {10.3732/ajb.0800416}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {American Journal of Botany}, volume = {96}, number = {}, pages = {1907--1921}, abstract = {In addition to the North American annual species distributed chiefly in California, a second radiation of annual Castilleja is in Andean Peru and central Chile. Phylogenetic analyses of multiple chloroplast and nuclear DNA regions revealed a complex history for the origin and diversification of the annual Castilleja species in South America. In addition to at least three independent long distance dispersal events from North America, allopolyploidy has also played a significant role in the disjunct radiation of annual Castilleja in South America. Castilleja attenuata is the only annual species from California that occurs in South America, and these results support the relatively recent arrival of this species to central Chile, separate from the other, mostly Peruvian species. Two Peruvian species, C. profunda and C. cerroana, are inferred to be of independent allopolyploid origin. Hybridization between annual Castilleja lineages derived from two independent long distance dispersal events from North America gave rise to the allopolyploid Castilleja profunda, and hybridization between South American annual and perennial species gave rise to the allopolyploid C. cerroana. The relative importance of long distance dispersal and allopolyploidy to the diversification of the annuals in South America are discussed with reference to the observed morphological, ecological, and distributional patterns.} }

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