@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref19708, author = {Gary Voelker and Jessica E Light}, title = {Palaeoclimatic events, dispersal and migratory losses along the Afro-European axis as drivers of biogeographic distribution in Sylvia warblers.}, year = {2011}, keywords = {}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Background: The Old World warbler genus Sylvia has been used extensively as a model system in a variety of ecological, genetic, and morphological studies. The genus is comprised of about 25 species, and 70% of these species have distributions at or near the Mediterranean Sea. This distribution pattern suggests a possible role for the Messinian Salinity Crisis (from 5.96-5.33 Ma) as a driving force in lineage diversification. Other species distributions suggest that Late Miocene to Pliocene Afro-tropical forest dynamics have also been important in the evolution of Sylvia lineages. Using molecular phylogenetic hypothesis and other methods, we seek to develop a biogeographic hypothesis for Sylvia and to explicitly assess the roles of these climate-driven events. Results: We present the first strongly supported molecular phylogeny for Sylvia. With one exception, species fall into one of three strongly supported clades: one small clade of species distributed mainly in Africa and Europe, one large clade of species distributed mainly in Africa and Asia, and another large clade with primarily a circum-Mediterranean distribution. Asia is reconstructed as the ancestral area for Sylvia. Long-distance migration is reconstructed as the ancestral character state for the genus, and sedentary behavior subsequently evolved seven times. Conclusion: Molecular clock calibration suggests that Sylvia arose in the late Miocene and diverged into three main clades by 7 Ma. Divergence estimates indicate that the Messinian Salinity Crisis had little, if any, impact on Sylvia. Instead, over-water dispersals, repeated loss of long-distance migration, and palaeoclimatic events in Africa played primary roles in Sylvia divergence and distribution. } }

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