@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref29193, author = {Ana Otero and Virginia Valcarcel and Pedro Jimenez-Mejias and Pablo Vargas}, title = {Being in the right place at the right moment? Parallel diversification bursts related to persistence of ancient epizoochorous traits and hidden factors in Cynoglossoideae}, year = {2019}, keywords = {Boraginaceae, Biogeography, diversification rates, HiSSE, hyperdiverse, phylogeny, trait-dependent reconstruction.}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {American Journal of Botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Premise of the Study Long-distance dispersal syndromes (LDD), especially endozoochory, facilitate plant colonization to new territories that trigger diversification. However, few studies have analyzed how epizoochorous fruits influence both range distribution and diversification rates. Here we examine the evolutionary history of a hyperdiverse clade of Boraginaceae (subfamily Cynoglossoideae, ~60 genera, ~1063 species) and the evolution of fruit traits. We evaluated the evolutionary history of diaspore syndromes as related to geographic distribution and diversification rates over time. Methods Plastid DNA regions and morphological traits associated with dispersal syndromes were analysed for 71 genera (226 species). We employed trait-dependent diversification analysis (HiSSE) and biogeographic reconstruction (Lagrange) using a time-calibrated phylogeny. Key results Our results indicate that: (i) the earliest divergence events in Cynoglossoideae occurred in the central-northeastern Palearctic during the Paleogene (early to mid-Eocene); (ii) an epizoochorous trait (specialized hooks named glochids) is ancestral and has been long-term maintained; and (iii) glochids are correlated with increased diversification rates in two distantly related clades (Rochelieae and Cynoglossinae). Rapid speciation occurred for these two groups in the same area (central-eastern Palearctic) and same period (Oligocene-Miocene: Rochelieae, 13.69-30.82 myr; Cynoglossinae, 15.21-33.10 myr). Lower diversification rates were inferred for the remaining four glochid-bearing clades. Conclusions One more example of biogeographic congruence in angiosperms is supported by a shared geographic (C-NE Palearctic) and temporal (28.60-21.59 myr, late Oligocene) opportunity window for two main clades diversification. Epizoochorous traits related to LDD (fruit glochids) are involved in higher diversification rates only with the joint effect of other unmeasured factors. } }

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