@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref18610, author = {E. W. A. Boehm and Conrad Lamoraal Schoch and Joseph W. Spatafora}, title = {On the evolution of the Hysteriaceae and Mytilinidiaceae (Pleosporomycetidae, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota) using four nuclear genes}, year = {2009}, keywords = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.mycres.2008.12.001}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Mycological Research}, volume = {113}, number = {}, pages = {461--479}, abstract = {We present a molecular phylogenetic analysis for two families of Dothideomycetes, the Hysteriaceae, currently classified in the Hysteriales and the Mytilinidiaceae, originally placed in the Melanommatales, then considered as Dothideomycetes et Chaetothyriomycetes incertae sedis, and more recently viewed as Pleosporomycetidae incertae sedis. Taxon sampling in the Hysteriaceae included 35 isolates, representing five of the eight currently accepted genera: Hysterium (6 species), Hysterographium (4 species), Gloniopsis (2 species), Glonium (5 species), and Farlowiella (1 species). For the Mytilinidiaceae, 11 isolates were included, representing three of the seven currently accepted genera, Mytilinidion (7 species), Lophium (1 species), and Ostreichnion (2 species). Phylogenetic reconstruction utilized four nuclear genes, the ribosomal small and large subunits, transcription elongation factor and RNA polymerase II subunit 2, and generated a total of 125 new GenBank accessions. Multigene phylogenies provide strong support for the monophyly of the Hysteriaceae and of the Mytilinidiaceae, both within the Pleosporomycetidae. However, sequence data also indicate that both families are not closely related within the subclass. Although core groups for many of the genera in the Hysteriaceae have been defined, Hysterium, Gloniopsis, and Hysterographium are polyphyletic, with affinities not premised on spore septation and pigmentation, implying that the phragmospore and dictyospore have evolved independently and repeatedly within the group. Glonium is also polyphyletic, but along two highly divergent lines. The genus lies outside of the Hysteriaceae, and finds close affinities instead with the family Mytilinidiaceae. It is restricted here to species with subiculate, dichotomously branched, laterally anastomosed hysterothecia, bearing acuminate didymospores, for which we propose the Gloniaceae fam. nov. to accommodate the type, G. stellatum and related forms (e.g., G. circumserpens). The genus Psiloglonium is reinstated within the Hysteriaceae, with P. lineare, as type, to accommodate non-subiculate species, with apically obtuse didymospores. Farlowiella, with one-celled papillate ascospores, is is removed from the Hysteriaceae, but remains within the Pleosporomycetidae. In contrast, despite divergent spore morphologies, the genera Mytilinidion and Lophium form a strongly supported clade, thus defining a highly monophyletic Mytilinidiaceae, adjacent to the Gloniaceae, for which we propose the Mytilinidiales ord. nov. The genus Ostreichnion, previously in the Mytilinidiaceae, is here transferred to the Hysteriaceae. It is concluded that the evolution of the hysterothecium occurred multiple times within the Pleosporomycetidae, and alone it is not a synapomorphic character state for the Hysteriaceae. The ability to perennate, and time spore discharge with environmental conditions suitable for germination, may be the driving force behind the evolution of the hysterothecium among unrelated groups, since most of these fungi occur on decorticated woody substrates prone to prolonged periods of desiccation. The following new combinations are proposed: Mytilinidion andinense (Basionym: Hysterium andinense), Psiloglonium compactum (Basionym: Glonium compactum), Psiloglonium simulans (Basionym: Glonium simulans), and Psiloglonium clavisporum (Basionym: Glonium clavisporum).} }

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