@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref18710, author = {Ashley B. Morris and Catherine H. Graham and Douglas E. Soltis and Pamela S. Soltis}, title = {Reassessment of phylogeographical structure in an eastern North American tree using Monmonier's algorithm and ecological niche modelling.}, year = {2010}, keywords = {}, doi = {}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Journal of Biogeography}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Aim Patterns of phylogeographical diversity in eastern North America have been well-documented, with suggestions of Pleistocene refugia in both coastal and interior regions. However, most studies to date have only qualitatively assessed these patterns, largely through visual observation of haplotype networks. Additionally, many plant studies use only one or two individuals per locality, which likely limits recovery of haplotype diversity. The aim of this study is to address the issues of sampling strategy and quantitative assessment of phylogeographical patterns in an eastern North American tree, Fagus grandifolia (American beech). Location eastern North America Methods Comparing two sampling strategies (more localities with lower sample size within localities vs. fewer localities with increased sample size within localities), we analysed chloroplast DNA sequence data from more than 230 individuals across 130 localities using statistical parsimony, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses. We then assessed support for inferred phylogenetic relationships using Monmonier?s algorithm and AMOVA. As an additional test of biogeographic hypotheses, we employed ecological niche models (ENMs) of present and palaeodistributions. Results More haplotypes were recovered when more localities were sampled, but novel haplotypes and haplotype distributions were recovered using both strategies. Phylogeographical patterns suggest possible Pleistocene refugia along the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts according to ENMs, as well as a more interior refugia according to Monmonier?s algorithm. Main conclusions Monmonier?s algorithm supported previous findings of an interior refuge in the Lower Mississippi River Valley / Upper Midwest, while ENMs indicate that the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts may have provided the most suitable habitat for F. grandifolia during the Pleistocene. Our findings allowed us to highlight strengths and weaknesses of the two approaches. We propose that future phylogeographical studies follow a step-wise sampling strategy, balancing cost and expected outcomes. } }

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