@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref19439, author = {Alexandre Antonelli and Isabel Sanmart?n}, title = {Mass Extinction, Gradual Cooling, or Rapid Radiation? Reconstructing the Spatiotemporal Evolution of the ancient angiosperm genus Hedyosmum (Chloranthaceae) using Empirical and simulated Approaches}, year = {2011}, keywords = {Chloranthaceae, Hedyosmum, biogeography, Neotropics, diversification, Andean uplift, high extinction, incomplete taxon sampling.}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Systematic Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Chloranthaceae is a small family of flowering plants (65 species) with an extensive fossil record extending back to the Early Cretaceous. Within Chloranthaceae, genus Hedyosmum is remarkable because of its disjunct distribution ? one species in the Paleotropics and 44 confined to the Neotropics ? and the long ?temporal gap? between its stem-age (Early Cretaceous) and the beginning of the extant radiation (Late Tertiary). Is this gap real, reflecting low diversification and a recent radiation, or the signature of extinction? Here we use paleontological data, molecular phylogenetic dating, diversification analyses, and ancestral area reconstruction to investigate the timing, tempo, and mode of diversification in Hedyosmum. Our results suggest that the ancestor of Chloranthaceae and the Hedyosmum stem-lineages were widespread in the Holarctic in the Late Cretaceous and that high extinction rates possibly associated with Cenozoic climatic fluctuations were responsible for the low extant diversity of the family. Crown-group Hedyosmum originated c. 36 ? 43 Ma and colonized South America from the north during the Early-Middle Miocene (c. 20 Ma). This coincided with an increase in diversification rates, probably triggered by the uplift of the northern Andes from the Mid-Miocene onwards. This study illustrates the advantages of combining paleontological, phylogenetic, and biogeographic data to reconstruct the spatio-temporal evolution of an ancient lineage, for which the extant diversity is only a remnant of past radiations. It also shows the difficulties of inferring patterns of lineage diversification when incomplete taxon sampling is combined with high extinction rates.} }

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