@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref19685, author = {Claudio Oliveira and Gleisy Semencio Avelino and Kelly Terumi Abe and Tatiane Casangrande Mariguela and Ricardo Cardoso Benine and Guillermo Orti and Richard P Vari and Ricardo Macedo Correa Castro}, title = {Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling}, year = {2011}, keywords = {Systematic, fish, evolution, taxonomy}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Background With nearly 1,100 species, the Characidae represents approximately 58% of the species now recognized within the Characiformes and 65% of the species of the order living in the Americas. Although several important morphological and molecular studies have been carried out within the Characiformes and more so the Characidae the results are in many instances incongruent, a result which may be associated with the low number of taxa sampled and/or the small datasets analyzed in those studies. Results In the present study we propose a new hypothesis of relationships within the Characiformes and Characidae based on the analysis of sequences of two mitochondrial and three nuclear genes (4,680 base pairs) of 213 samples representing all 18 now recognized families in the Characiformes (166 genera), all 14 of the recognized subfamilies in the Characidae (57 genera and 73 species) and 68 specimens representing 56 of the genera considered incertae sedis in the Characidae. Most lineages were significantly supported by posterior probabilities in Bayesian analysis, non-parametric ML bootstrap confidence and MP analysis. Conclusion A monophyletic assemblage strongly supported in all our phylogenetic analysis is herein defined as the Characidae and includes the characiform species lacking a supraorbital bone and with a derived position of emergence of the hyoid artery from the anterior ceratohyal. To keep this and several other monophyletic groups within characiforms we propose several nomenclatural changes that we believe will be very useful for further studies in Characiformes, and mainly Characidae. This work presents a new phylogenetic framework for a diverse group of freshwater fishes with significant ecological and evolutionary importance in the neotropics } }

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