@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref17108, author = {Xavier Pochon and Todd Christopher LaJeunesse and J. Pawlowski}, title = {Biogeographic partitioning and host specialization among foraminiferan dinoflagellate symbionts (Symbiodinium, Dinophyta)}, year = {2004}, keywords = {}, doi = {}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Marine Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Large discoidal soritid foraminiferans (Soritinae) are abundant in coral reef ecosystems. As with the many cnidarian invertebrates that inhabit these systems they also depend on symbiotic dinoflagellates for their growth and survival. Several particular Symbiodinium sub-genera or clades inhabit these soritids. One symbiont lineage, referred to as clade C, dominates corals and their relatives throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific. In contrast, the distribution of Symbiodinium spp. from clades A, B, and C are more evenly apportioned across Caribbean invertebrate communities. To explore the possibility that a similar biogeographic break exists in the symbionts harbored by soritids, we surveyed the Symbiodinium spp. from the soritid genus Sorites collected from the Pacific and Caribbean coasts of Panama as well as from Florida. Characterization of Symbiodinium obtained from foraminiferal and cnidarian samples was conducted using conventional restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS 2) and a portion of the large subunit (LSU) ribosomal DNA sequences. A distinctive biogeographic break between the kinds of symbionts found in Sorites from the East Pacific and Caribbean was clearly evident and probably resulted from environmental pressures believed responsible for the differences in cnidarian symbioses from each ocean. Caribbean Sorites spp. harbored symbionts described from clade F (specifically sub-clade Fr4) and clade H (formally referred to as Fr1), while Sorites spp. from the eastern Pacific were dominated by a single Symbiodinium haplotype in clade C. An ITS 2 phylogeny identified that most clade C types recovered from Indo-Pacific soritids form a monophyletic sub-lineage with other clade C symbionts typically found in Pacific corals from the genus Porites. The existence of multiple Symbiodinium lineages at various taxonomic ranks associating specifically with soritids indicates that symbioses with these hosts are important in driving Symbiodinium spp. evolution.} }

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