@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref15100, author = {Andrew J. Crawford and Eric N. Smith}, title = {Cenozoic biogeography and evolution in direct-developing frogs of Central America (Leptodactylidae: <i>Eleutherodactylus</i>) as inferred from a phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial genes}, year = {2005}, keywords = {}, doi = {}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {We report the first phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequence data for the Central American component of genus <i>Eleutherodactylus</i> (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Eleutherodactylinae), one of the most ubiquitous, diverse, and abundant components of the Neotropical amphibian fauna. We obtained DNA sequence data from 55 specimens representing 45 species. Sampling was focused on Central America, but also included Bolivia, Brazil, Jamaica, and the USA. We sequenced 1460 contiguous base pairs (bp) of the mitochondrial genome containing <i>ND2</i> and five neighboring tRNA genes, plus 1300 bp of the c-<i>myc</i> nuclear gene. The resulting phylogenetic inferences were broadly concordant between data sets and among analytical methods. The subgenus <i>Craugastor</i> is monophyletic and its initial radiation was potentially rapid and adaptive. Within <i>Craugastor</i>, three northern Central American species groups, <i>milesi</i>, <i>augusti</i>, and <i>alfredi</i>, form the sister clades to the rest of <i>Craugastor</i> containing a mix of northern and southern taxa. The <i>rhodopis</i> group is paraphyletic and contains two northern clades and one southern clade. We used a Bayesian MCMC approach together with geological and biogeographic assumptions to estimate divergence times from the combined DNA sequence data. Our results corroborated a model for the origins of <i>Eleutherodactylus</i> in Central America involving three independent dispersal events: the ancestor of <i>Craugastor</i> reaching northern Central America from South American in the early Paleocene, the ancestor of the subgenus <i>Syrrhophus</i> arriving in northern Central America from the Caribbean at the end of the Eocene, and finally a wave of independent dispersal events from South America coinciding with the rise of the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene. In addition, our results supported several taxonomic changes; we proposed that the <i>rhodopis</i> group be split into three groups, and the subgenus <i>Craugastor</i> be elevated to the rank of genus.} }

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