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@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref30027, author = {Malgorzata Kolicka and Miroslawa Dabert and Ziemowit Olszanowski and J. Dabert}, title = {Sweet or salty? The origin of freshwater gastrotrichs (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) revealed by molecular phylogenetic analysis}, year = {2020}, keywords = {freshwater colonization, habitat transition, conflicting phylogenetic signals, short branches, morphological character evolution, radiation, speciation}, doi = {10.1111/cla.12424}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Cladistics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Chaetonotidae, the most diverse and widely distributed family of the order Chaetonotida (Gastrotricha) includes both marine and freshwater species. The family is regarded as a sister taxon to exclusively marine Xenotrichulidae and it has successfully colonized many different freshwater habitats. But in which type of environment, marine or freshwater, the Chaetonotidae originated is still not clear. Here we infer the molecular phylogeny of chaetonotids using multiple molecular markers together with morphological and ecological character tracing. Our results confirm that in traditional definition Chaetonotidae is paraphyletic and in fact it encompasses Dasydytidae and Neogosseidae. The freshwater genus Bifidochaetus is pointed as descendants of the earliest lineages of the whole Chaetonotidae. Our analyses indicate that the Chaetonotidae originated from ancestors that inhabited freshwater habitats. Short branches at the base of the phylogenetic tree suggest rapid radiation after freshwater colonization. The reversals to marine habitats occurred independently in different Chaetonotidae lineages, thus marine species should be assumed as advanced, derived taxa. Characters reconstruction suggests that ventroterminal mouth ring, separate cephalic plates, separate cephalic sensory cilia arrangement in paired tufts, hypostomium, reduced testis and reduced, unmovable spermatozoa and parthenogenesis as a main type of reproduction are the synapomorphies defining the whole Chaetonotidae.} }