@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref18693, author = {Matthew P. Heinicke and William E. Duellman and Linda Trueb and D. Bruce Means and Ross D. MacCulloch and S. Blair Hedges}, title = {A new frog family (Anura: Terrarana) from South America and an expanded direct-developing clade revealed by molecular phylogeny.}, year = {2009}, keywords = {}, doi = {}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {}, number = {2211}, pages = {1--35}, abstract = {Three frogs found in cloud forests on two nearby mountains in Guiana were included in a molecular phylogeny of 17 nuclear and mitochondrial genes (10,739 aligned sites) that revealed that the closest relatives of these frogs are the Terrarana (Brachycephalidae, Craugastoridae, Eleutherodactylidae, and Strabomantidae) and the next-closest relatives are hemiphractid frogs. We place these frogs in a new family, genus, and species, which is strongly supported as the basal clade within Terrarana: Ceuthomantidae n. fam., Ceuthomantis smaragdinus n. gen, n. sp. Morphological evidence supports the placement of two other species from the Guiana Highlands, Pristimantis aracamuni (Barrio-Amor?s & Molina) and P. cavernibardus (Myers & Donnelly), in the new family and genus. This close phylogenetic relationship of terraranans and marsupial frogs, nearly all of which have direct development, supports an hypothesis that direct development evolved early in the evolution of this huge clade (~1000 species), for which we propose the unranked taxonomic epithet Orthobatrachia.} }

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