@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref26237, author = {Piyumi N Ekanayake and Jatinder Kaur and Pei Tian and Simone J Rochfort and Kathryn M Guthridge and Timothy I Sawbridge and German C Spangenberg and John W Forster}, title = {Genomic and metabolic characterisation of alkaloid biosynthesis by asexual Epichlo? fungal endophytes of tall fescue pasture grasses}, year = {2016}, keywords = {Festuca, lolitrem B, loline, ergovaline, peramine, inoculation}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Genome}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Symbiotic associations between tall fescue grasses and asexual Epichlo? fungal endophytes are characterised by biosynthesis of alkaloid compounds causing both beneficial (protection against invertebrate herbivory) and detrimental (livestock toxicosis) effects. The former category includes peramine and lolines, and the latter includes lolitrem B and ergovaline. Candidate novel endophytes with favourable chemotypic profiles have been identified in germplasm collections by screening for genetic diversity, followed by metabolite profile analysis in endogenous genetic backgrounds. A sub-set of candidates was subjected to genome survey sequencing to detect the presence or absence and structural status of known genes in the biosynthetic pathways of the major alkaloid classes. The capacity to produce specific metabolites was directly predictable from metabolic data. In addition, study of duplicated gene structure in heteroploid genomic constitutions provided additional evidence for the origin of such endophytes. Selected strains were inoculated into meristem-derived callus cultures from specific tall fescue genotypes in order to perform isogenic comparisons of alkaloid profile in different host backgrounds. This process revealed evidence for host-specific quantitative control of metabolite production, consistent with previous studies. Certain strains were capable of both inoculation and formation of longer-term associations with a non-host species, perennial ryegrass. A process based on discovery and primary characterisation of novel endophytes based on DNA analysis, followed by confirmatory metabolic studies, offers improvements of speed and efficiency and hence accelerated deployment in pasture grass improvement programs.} }

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