@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref20570, author = {Paul R Jensen and Kevin Matthew Penn}, title = {Comparative genomics reveals evidence of marine adaptation in Salinispora species }, year = {2012}, keywords = {}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2164-13-86}, url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/86/abstract}, pmid = {}, journal = {BMC Genomics}, volume = {13}, number = {86}, pages = {}, abstract = {Background. Gram-positive bacteria represent a consistent component of most marine bacterial communities yet little is known about the mechanisms by which they adapt to life in the marine environment. Here we employed a phylogenomic approach to identify marine adaptation genes among marine Actinobacteria. The focus was on the obligate marine actinomycete genus Salinispora. Results. Functional annotation, comparative genomics, and evidence of a shared evolutionary history with marine bacteria were used to identify a pool of more than 50 marine adaptation genes. An Actinobacterial species tree was used to infer the likelihood of gene gain or loss in accounting for the distribution of each gene. Acquired marine adaptation genes were associated with electron transport, sodium and ABC transporters, and channels and pores. In addition, the loss of a mechanosensitive channel appears to have played a major role in the inability of Salinispora strains to survive when seawater replaces DI water in complex growth media. Conclusions. The marine Actinobacteria for which genome sequences are available are broadly distributed throughout the Actinobacterial phylogenetic tree and closely related to non-marine forms suggesting they have been independently introduced relatively recently into the marine environment. It appears that the acquisition of transporters in Salinispora spp. represents a major marine adaptation while gene loss is proposed to account for the inability of this genus to survive outside of the marine environment. This study reveals fundamental differences between marine adaptations in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and no common genetic basis for marine adaptation among the Actinobacteria analyzed. } }

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