@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref20785, author = {Kerry O'Donnell and Alejandro Rooney and Robert H. Proctor and Daren Brown and Susan P. McCormick and Todd J. Ward and Stephen A Rehner and Takayuki Aoki and Vincent Robert and Pedro W. Crous and Seogchan Kang and David M. Geiser and Rasmus Frandsen and Erik Lys?e}, title = {RPB1 and RPB2 phylogeny supports an early Cretaceous origin and a strongly supported clade comprising all agriculturally and medically important fusaria}, year = {2012}, keywords = {Bayesian inference; evolution; fumonisins; fusarins; gibberellins, maximum likelihood; maximum parsimony; molecular dating; mycotoxins; systematics; trichothecenes}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Fungal Genetics and Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Fusarium (Hypocreales, Nectriaceae) is one of the most economically important and systematically challenging groups of mycotoxigenic phytopathogens and emergent human pathogens. We conducted maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian (B) analyses on partial RNA polymerase largest (RPB1) and second largest subunit (RPB2) nucleotide sequences of 94 fusaria to infer the first comprehensive and well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis of evolutionary relationships within the genus and 20 of its near relatives. Our analysis revealed that Cylindrocarpon formed a basal monophyletic sister to a ?terminal Fusarium clade? (TFC, sensu Gr?fenhan et al., 2011) comprising 20 strongly supported species complexes and nine monotypic lineages. The basal-most divergences within the TFC were only significantly supported by Bayesian posterior probabilities (B-PP = 0.99-1), with the ventricosum and dimerum species complexes forming the two earliest diverging lineages. An internode supporting the remaining TFC, however, was strongly supported by MP and ML bootstrapping (ML-BS 100%, MP-BS 87%) and by a B-PP of 1. By way of contrast, reanalysis of the Gr?fenhan et al. two-locus data set (portions of RPB2 and ATP citrate lyase) did not resolve any strongly supported relationship among the eight basal-most lineages within the TFC. Diversification time estimates date the origin of the TFC to the early Cretaceous 135.8 million years ago (Mya) (95% highest posterior density [HPD] interval: 85.3, 184.0). We also dated the evolutionary origin of several bioactive secondary metabolites, including three mycotoxins and the gibberellin phytohormones, and the economically devastating plant pathogenic lineage responsible for Fusarium head blight (FHB) of cereals. Dating of several plant-associated species complexes (e.g., fujikuroi, oxysporum, sambucinum, tricinctum and nisikadoi) suggests their evolution may have been driven by angiosperm diversification during the Miocene and Pliocene. Dating of the homothallic F. graminearum species complex (FGSC) of FHB pathogens suggests that it split from its heterothallic ancestors in the Pliocene 2.7 Mya [95% HPD interval: 0.5, 5.6] and that the most recent common ancestor of F. graminearum and F. asiaticum diverged 1.2 Mya [95% HPD interval: 0.16, 3.0]. In addition, evolutionary radiation of the vascular wilt pathogens within the oxysporum species complex was dated to the Pliocene 3.7 Mya [95% HPD interval: 0.4, 8.9]. Our phylogenetic results support the unitary application of the name Fusarium to the TFC and provide a robust framework for future comparative phylogenetic and genomic analyses of Fusarium.} }

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