@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref21422, author = {Rafael O de Sa and Jeffrey W Streicher and Relebohile Selenkoyela and Mauricio C. Forlani and Simon P. Loader and Eli Greenbaum and Stephen Richards and C?lio Haddad}, title = {Molecular phylogeny of microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae) with emphasis on relationships among New World genera}, year = {2012}, keywords = {Microhylidae, phylogeny, systematics, subfamilies, New World genera }, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Background. Over the last ten years we have seen great efforts focused on revising amphibian systematics. These studies have offered much insight regarding frog evolution, but have included a low sampling of Microhylidae diversity relative to the described levels of diversity. Here, we provide a phylogenetic study focused on expanding previous hypotheses of relationships within the anuran family Microhylidae; specifically we placed an emphasis on assessing relationships among New World microhylid genera. Results. One mitochondrial and three nuclear genes (about 2.8 kb) were sequenced to assess phylogenetic relationships. We utilized an unprecedented sampling of 200 microhylid taxa representing 91% of currently recognized subfamilies and 95% of New World genera. Our analyses do not fully resolved relationships among subfamilies supporting previous studies that have suggested a rapid early diversification of this clade. We observed a close relationship between Synapturanus and Otophryne of the subfamily Otophryninae. Generic relationships among Gastrophryninae were overall well supported. Conclusion. Otophryninae is distantly related to all other New World microhylids that were recovered as a monophyletic group, Gastrophryninae. Within Gastrophryninae, five genera were recovered as paraphyletic and we propose taxonomic re-arrangements to render all genera monophyletic. This hypothesis of relationships and updated classification for New World microhylids may serve as a guide to better understand the evolutionary history of this group that, owing to several independent origins of fossoriality, is apparently subject to convergent morphological evolution. Based on a divergence analysis calibrated with hypotheses from previous studies and fossil data, it appears that the extant microhylid genera inhabiting the New World originated in South America during a period of gradual cooling that spanned the Eocene, Oligocene, and early Miocene epochs.} }

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