@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref16972, author = {Thomas B. Patterson and Thomas J. Givnish}, title = {Phylogeny, concerted convergence, and phylogenetic niche conservatism in the core Liliales: insights from rbcL and ndhF sequence data}, year = {2002}, keywords = {Calochortaceae; concerted plesiomorphy; evolutionary trends; Liliaceae; phylogenetic inference; Uvulariaceae}, doi = {10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01334.x}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Evolution}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, pages = {233--252}, abstract = {Calochortus and the family Liliaceae s.s. have often been considered each others closest relatives, based partly on their shared possession of bulbs, visually showy flowers, winged wind-dispersed seeds, and narrow, parallel-veined leaves. We present a fully resolved, well-supported molecular phylogeny for these groups and their close relatives in the core Liliales, based on sequence variation in the chloroplast-encoded rbcL and ndhF genes. Analysis of the combined data identifies Liliaceae s.s. as monophyletic, including one clade ((Lilium-Fritillaria-Nomocharis, Cardiocrinum), Notholirion) that appears to have diversified in the Himalayas roughly 12 My ago, and another (Erythronium-Tulipa, Gagea-Lloydia) that arose in east Asia. Medeola-Clintonia is sister to this group and bears rhizomes, inconspicuous flowers, fleshy animal-dispersed fruits, and broad, reticulate-veined leaves. Calochortus is sister to Tricyrtis; both Tricyrtis and the neighboring clade of Prosartes-Streptopus-Scoliopus share several of the traits seen in Medeola-Clintonia. The core Liliales thus provide compelling examples of the dual phenomena of concerted convergence and phylogenetic niche conservatism. Invasion of open, seasonal habitats was accompanied by the independent evolution of bulbs, showy flowers, wind-dispersed seeds, and narrow, parallel-veined leaves in Calochortus and Liliaceae s.s.; persistence in shady habitats was accompanied by the retention of rhizomes, inconspicuous flowers, animal-dispersed seeds, and broad, reticulate-veined leaves in their sister groups. We advance arguments for the context-specific adaptive value of each of these traits, as well as evidence of parallel trends in other groups. Concerted convergence  convergence in several different traits, favored by the same shared set of ecological conditions, in two or more lineages  is an important evolutionary process that can mislead evolutionary analyses based solely on phenotypic variation.} }

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