@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref22202, author = {Natalia Martinkova and Ross Barnett and Thomas Cucchi and Rahel Struchen and Marine Pascal and Michel Pascal and Martin C. Fischer and Thomas Higham and Selina Brace and Simon Y. W. Ho and Jean-Pierre Quere and Paul O'Higgins and Laurent Excoffier and Gerald Heckel and A. Rus Hoelzel and Keith M. Dobney and Jeremy B. Searle}, title = {Divergent evolutionary processes associated with colonization of offshore islands}, year = {2013}, keywords = {Mammals, Natural Selection and Contemporary Evolution, Phylogeography, Population Genetics - Empirical, Conservation Genetics}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Molecular Ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Oceanic islands have been a test ground for evolutionary theory, but here we focus on the possibilities for evolutionary study created by offshore islands. These can be colonised through various means and by a wide range of species, including those with low dispersal capabilities. We use morphology, modern and ancient sequences of cytochrome b (cytb) and microsatellite genotypes to examine colonization history and evolutionary change associated with occupation of the Orkney archipelago by the common vole (Microtus arvalis), a species found in continental Europe but not Britain. Among possible colonization scenarios, our results are most consistent with human introduction at least 5,100 years ago (confirmed by radiocarbon dating). We used Approximate Bayesian Computation of population history to infer the coast of Belgium as the possible source, and estimated the evolutionary timescale using a Bayesian coalescent approach. We showed substantial morphological divergence of the island populations, including a size increase presumably driven by selection, and reduced microsatellite variation likely reflecting founder events and genetic drift. More surprisingly, our results suggest that a recent and widespread cytb replacement event in the continental source area purged cytb variation there, whereas the ancestral diversity is largely retained in the colonised islands as a genetic ?ark?. The replacement event in the continental M. arvalis was probably triggered by anthropogenic causes (land-use change). Our studies illustrate that small offshore islands can act as field laboratories for studying various evolutionary processes over relatively short time scales, informing about the mainland source area as well as the island.} }

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